Sjögren's syndrome physical examination

Physical examination of patients with is usually remarkable for dryness of all mucous membranes such as mouth, eyes, lips, anal and rectal.

• Physical examination of patients with is usually remarkable for dryness of all mucous membranes such as mouth, eyes, lips, anal and rectal.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}

• Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome usually appear good.

• Vital sign might be normal.

• Dryness
• Scaling
• Partial or complete loss of sweating
• Dry, sparse, and brittle hair
• Diffuse alopecia may involve the scalp, limbs, axilla, or pubis
• Nail folds may show capillaroscopic abnormalities
• Nonpalpable or palpable, vasculitic purpura, 2-3 mm lesions on the lower extremities
• Annular erythema with scales on the face and neck

• Mucous dryness
• Red, smooth, and dry tongue
• Hyperlobulated tongue with loss of filiform papillae
• Absence of salivary pooling under the tongue
• Dental caries
• Gingival inflammation
• Red, dry, and scaly lips
• Cracks at the corners of the mouth
• Chronic oral candidiasis

• Bilateral parotid gland enlargement

• Bibasilar rales
• Wheezing may be present

• Cardiovascular examination of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome is usually normal.

• Splenomegaly

• Back examination of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome is usually normal.

• Irritated bladder
• Suprapubic tenderness
• Atrophic changes in the vulva and vagin
• Dryness of the anal and rectal mucous membranes

• Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time.
• Glasgow coma scale is 15/15
• Paraparesis maybe present
• Paraplegia may be present

• Symmetrical, polyarticular, inflammatory arthritis