Toxic shock syndrome risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

Menstruating women, women using barrier contraceptive devices, persons who have undergone nasal surgery, and persons with postoperative staphylococcal wound infections are the most important risk factors for toxic shock syndrome.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Vaginal colonization by S. aureus in mensruating women using tampons^[1]
Infections
Nasal packing
Wound infection
Recent surgery
Compound fracture

Less common risk factors

Absence of protective immunity
Parturition

Although scientists have recognized an association between toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and tampon use, no firm causal link has been established. Research conducted by the CDC suggested that use of some high absorbency tampons increased the risk of TSS in menstruating women. A few specific tampon designs and high absorbency tampon materials were also found to have some association with increased risk of TSS. These products and materials are no longer used in tampons sold in the U.S. (The materials include polyester, carboxymethylcellulose and polyacrylate).^[2] Tampons made with rayon do not appear to have a higher risk of TSS than cotton tampons of similar absorbency.^[3]

References

↑ Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB (2005). “Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women”. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (9): 4628–34. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005. PMC 1234102. PMID 16145118.
↑ Citrinbaum, Joanna (Oct. 14, 2003). “The question’s absorbing: ‘Are tampons little white lies?‘“. The Digital Collegian. Retrieved 2006-03-20. Check date values in: |year= (help)
↑ Parsonnet J, Modern P, Giacobbe K (1996). “Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro”. J Infect Dis. 173 (1): 98–103. PMID 8537689.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid16145118-1] Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB (2005). “Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women”. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (9): 4628–34. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005. PMC 1234102. PMID 16145118.

[Collegian2003-Citrinbaum-2] Citrinbaum, Joanna (Oct. 14, 2003). “The question’s absorbing: ‘Are tampons little white lies?‘“. The Digital Collegian. Retrieved 2006-03-20. Check date values in: |year= (help)

[3] Parsonnet J, Modern P, Giacobbe K (1996). “Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro”. J Infect Dis. 173 (1): 98–103. PMID 8537689.

[1]

[2]

[3]