Developer site: The content shown here is test data.

MyEClinic
MyEClinic
Health Dictionary AI Health Chat Find an Online Doctor
A serene Zen garden with raked sand and smooth stones, symbolising clarity and calm

Health Dictionary

Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions — written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

Back to skin conditions

Typhoid fever classification

Introduction

Overview

Overview

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.[1]

Classification

Classification

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.[1]

Duration of illness

Acute disease [2][3][4]

  • Sudden-onset
  • Severe in nature
  • Lasts < 12 months
  • Mostly symptomatic

Chronic disease [2][3][4]

  • Lasts > 12 months
  • Less severe
  • Asymptomatic
  • Spread infection to others

Severity of illness

Mild disease[5][6]

Moderate to severe disease[7][6]

Virulence factors

High virulence factors[8][9][1]

  • PhoP/phoQ genes
  • CdtB protein
  • Vi antigen-positive strains

Low virulence factors[3][10][11]

  • Absence of above factors
  • Presence of following host factors
  • C282 mutation
  • CFTR mutation
References

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). “Typhoid fever”. N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). “Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis”. Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). “Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state”. J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). “Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers”. Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
  5. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). “Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone”. N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
  7. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  8. ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). “phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers”. J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
  9. ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). “Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment”. Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
  10. ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). “Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans”. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
  11. ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). “Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation”. Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]