Typhoid fever classification

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.^[1]

Classification

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.^[1]

Duration of illness

Acute disease ^[2]^[3]^[4]

Sudden-onset
Severe in nature
Lasts < 12 months
Mostly symptomatic

Chronic disease ^[2]^[3]^[4]

Lasts > 12 months
Less severe
Asymptomatic
Spread infection to others

Severity of illness

Mild disease^[5]^[6]

Early diagnosis and treatment
Antibiotic susceptibility
Absence of complications

Moderate to severe disease^[7]^[6]

Late presentation
Presence of complications
Antibiotic resistance

Virulence factors

High virulence factors^[8]^[9]^[1]

PhoP/phoQ genes
CdtB protein
Vi antigen-positive strains

Low virulence factors^[3]^[10]^[11]

Absence of above factors
Presence of following host factors

C282 mutation
CFTR mutation

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). “Typhoid fever”. N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). “Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis”. Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). “Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state”. J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). “Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers”. Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). “Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone”. N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). “phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers”. J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). “Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment”. Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). “Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans”. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
↑ Weinberg ED (2008). “Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation”. Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.

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[pmid12456854-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). “Typhoid fever”. N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.

[pmid1519582-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). “Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis”. Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.

[pmid8450268-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). “Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state”. J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.

[pmid7172510-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). “Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers”. Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.

[5] Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.

[pmid6361558-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). “Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone”. N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.

[7] Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. “Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever.” Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.

[pmid8648213-8] Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). “phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers”. J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.

[pmid18191792-9] Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). “Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment”. Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.

[pmid26394303-10] Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). “Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans”. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.

[pmid18192769-11] Weinberg ED (2008). “Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation”. Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.

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