Typhoid fever primary prevention

Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include vaccination, improving personal hygiene and sanitation,^[1] ensuring proper sewage disposal, avoiding overcrowding, and avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][7]}

Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include:

There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever:^{[2][4][5][6][9][7][10]}

• Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS (IM)
• Live typhoid vaccine (oral)

Indications^{[11][12][13][14][6][15]}

• Travel to endemic areas
• Health care workers or researchers dealing typhoid patients or handling Salmonella typhi
• Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection (e.g., household contacts of a patient with typhoid fever)
• To prevent typhoid epidemic in case of natural disasters or the presence of a refugee camp in an endemic area

Contraindications^[16][6][17]

• Severe allergic reaction to the vaccine component
• Severely ill or immunocompromised patients
• Severe reaction to previous dose
• Children younger than 2 years of age for inactivated vaccine
• Children younger than 6 years of age for live attenuated vaccine
• Pregnancy

The table below provides basic information about the typhoid vaccines that are available in the United States:

The following preventive measures help decrease incidence of typhoid in endemic areas:^[6][18]

• Improving personal hygiene and sanitation
• Implementing proper sewage disposal
• Avoiding overcrowding
• Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid

The following preventive measures help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic areas:^[6][19][20]

• Avoiding consumption of foods and beverages purchased from street vendors
• Avoiding consumption of raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled
• Avoiding consumption of ice cream
• Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot
• Using hard cooked eggs
• Using pasteurized milk products
• Using boiled or bottled water

Template:WH

Template:WS