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Vascular dementia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Clinical Features

Clinical Features

  • The clinical features of vascular Dementia are as follows:[1][2][3][4]
    • Cognitive decline.
    • Neuro-Psychosis.
    • Depression.
    • Abulia.
    • Apathy.
    • Delusions.
    • Hallucinations.
Differentiating Vascular dementia from other diseases

Differentiating Vascular dementia from other diseases

  • Vascular dementia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause cognitive impairment, psychomotor slowing, and gait impairment, such as:[5][6][7][8]
  • Alzheimer disease.
  • Parkinson disease.
  • Lewy body disease.
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
  • Depression.
Epidemiology and Demographics

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of vascular dementia is approximately 0.0016 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[9]
  • From the year 2000 till 2010, the incidence of vascular dementia was estimated to be 0.00002 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States.[10]

Age

  • Vascular dementia is more commonly observed among elderly patients.[11]

Gender

  • Vascular dementia affects men and women equally.

Race

  • White race individuals are less likely to develop vascular dementia.[11]

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Prevalence

  • The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
  • The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
  • [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
  • [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
  • [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
  • [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Region

  • The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
  • [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

References

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Risk Factors

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of vascular dementia are given below:[9][12][13][14]
    • Advanced age
    • Smoking
    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Elevated total cholesterol levels
    • Low or high body mass index
    • Coronary artery disease
    • Lower physical activity
  1. ↑ Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Valenzuela MJ, Lorentz L, Looi JC, Wen W, Zagami AS (March 2004). “The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment in stroke and TIA patients”. Neurology. 62 (6): 912–9. PMID 15037692.
  2. ↑ Meguro K, Akanuma K, Ouchi Y, Meguro M, Nakamura K, Yamaguchi S (July 2013). “Vascular dementia with left thalamic infarction: neuropsychological and behavioral implications suggested by involvement of the thalamic nucleus and the remote effect on cerebral cortex. The Osaki-Tajiri project”. Psychiatry Res. 213 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.004. PMID 23693088.
  3. ↑ Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE, Blacker D, Blazer DG, Chen C, Chui H, Ganguli M, Jellinger K, Jeste DV, Pasquier F, Paulsen J, Prins N, Rockwood K, Roman G, Scheltens P (2014). “Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement”. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 28 (3): 206–18. doi:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034. PMC 4139434. PMID 24632990.
  4. ↑ Moulin S, Labreuche J, Bombois S, Rossi C, Boulouis G, Hénon H, Duhamel A, Leys D, Cordonnier C (July 2016). “Dementia risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective cohort study”. Lancet Neurol. 15 (8): 820–829. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00130-7. PMID 27133238.
  5. ↑ Graham NL, Emery T, Hodges JR (January 2004). “Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical vascular dementia”. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 75 (1): 61–71. PMC 1757469. PMID 14707310.
  6. ↑ Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (March 2005). “Vascular parkinsonism–an important cause of parkinsonism in older people”. Age Ageing. 34 (2): 114–9. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi025. PMID 15713855.
  7. ↑ McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, Aarsland D, Galvin J, Attems J, Ballard CG, Bayston A, Beach TG, Blanc F, Bohnen N, Bonanni L, Bras J, Brundin P, Burn D, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, El-Agnaf O, Feldman H, Ferman TJ, Ffytche D, Fujishiro H, Galasko D, Goldman JG, Gomperts SN, Graff-Radford NR, Honig LS, Iranzo A, Kantarci K, Kaufer D, Kukull W, Lee V, Leverenz JB, Lewis S, Lippa C, Lunde A, Masellis M, Masliah E, McLean P, Mollenhauer B, Montine TJ, Moreno E, Mori E, Murray M, O’Brien JT, Orimo S, Postuma RB, Ramaswamy S, Ross OA, Salmon DP, Singleton A, Taylor A, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Tsuang D, Walker Z, Yamada M, Kosaka K (July 2017). “Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium”. Neurology. 89 (1): 88–100. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058. PMC 5496518. PMID 28592453. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  8. ↑ Gallia GL, Rigamonti D, Williams MA (July 2006). “The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus”. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2 (7): 375–81. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0237. PMID 16932588.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lobo A, Launer LJ, Fratiglioni L, Andersen K, Di Carlo A, Breteler MM, Copeland JR, Dartigues JF, Jagger C, Martinez-Lage J, Soininen H, Hofman A (2000). “Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group”. Neurology. 54 (11 Suppl 5): S4–9. PMID 10854354.
  10. ↑ Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Chouraki V, Chêne G, Dufouil C, Seshadri S (February 2016). “Incidence of Dementia over Three Decades in the Framingham Heart Study”. N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (6): 523–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504327. PMC 4943081. PMID 26863354.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM (November 2009). “Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Lancet Neurol. 8 (11): 1006–18. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70236-4. PMID 19782001.
  12. ↑ Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sønnesyn H, Ballard C (July 2011). “Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review”. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 26 (7): 661–9. doi:10.1002/gps.2572. PMID 21495075.
  13. ↑ Hébert R, Lindsay J, Verreault R, Rockwood K, Hill G, Dubois MF (July 2000). “Vascular dementia : incidence and risk factors in the Canadian study of health and aging”. Stroke. 31 (7): 1487–93. PMID 10884442.
  14. ↑ Hassing LB, Johansson B, Nilsson SE, Berg S, Pedersen NL, Gatz M, McClearn G (September 2002). “Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for vascular dementia, but not for Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study of the oldest old”. Int Psychogeriatr. 14 (3): 239–48. PMID 12475085.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Common Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
    • [Risk factor 1]
    • [Risk factor 2]
    • [Risk factor 3]

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
    • [Risk factor 1]
    • [Risk factor 2]
    • [Risk factor 3]

References

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