Congestive heart failure
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2], Mitra Chitsazan, M.D.[3] Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4] Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [5] Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D. [6]
Synonyms and keywords: CHF; pump failure; left heart failure; chronic heart failure; acute heart failure; LV dysfunction; LV failure; impaired filling; reduced cardiac output; HFpEF; HFrEF; heart failure preserved ejection fraction; heart failure reduced ejection fraction; decompensated heart failure; acute decompensated heart failure; ADHF
Systolic dysfunction | Diastolic dysfunction | HFpEF | HFrEF
Diagnosis
Clinical Assessment | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | Echocardiography | Cardiac MRI | Exercise Stress Test | Myocardial Viability Studies | Cardiac Catheterization | Invasive hemodynamic monitoring
Treatment
Treatment of Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- In all patients: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | Beta Blockers | Aldosterone Antagonists | Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor | Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
- In selected patients: Diuretics | Angiotensin receptor blockers | If-channel inhibitor | Combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate | Digoxin | Iron
Guideline-recommended medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) can be suggested by the Heart Failure Educational Decision Aid medication optimization algorithm[1].
- Cardiac rhythm management for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Antiarrhythmic drugs | Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | Cardiac resynchronization therapy
- Nutritional supplements and hormonal therapies
- Exercise training
- Drugs to avoid
- Drug interactions
- Treatment of underlying causes
- Treatment of associated conditions
Ultrafiltration | Mechanical circulatory support | Heart transplantation
ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations
Treatment of Hypertension | Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus | Management of Metabolic Syndrome | Management of Atherosclerotic Disease | Control of Conditions That May Cause Heart Failure | ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations
Specific Groups
Special Populations | Patients who have concomitant disorders | Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
References
- ↑ Dorsch, Michael P.; Sifuentes, Aaron; Cordwin, David J.; Kuo, Rachel; Rowell, Brigid E.; Arzac, Juan J.; DeBacker, Ken; Guidi, Jessica L.; Hummel, Scott L.; Koelling, Todd M. (April 2023). “A Computable Algorithm for Medication Optimization in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction”. JACC: Advances: 100289. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100289. ISSN 2772-963X.
© 2026 MyEClinic – IFTM Institut für Telematik in der Medizin GmbH