Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.
| Diseases
|
Clinical manifestations
|
Para-clinical findings
|
Gold standard
|
Additional findings
|
| Symptoms
|
Physical examination
|
| Lab Findings
|
Imaging
|
Histopathology
|
| Headache
|
Fever
|
Weight loss
|
Arthralgia
|
Claudication
|
Bruit
|
HTN
|
Focal neurological disorder
|
Biomarker
|
CBC
|
ESR
|
Other
|
CT scan
|
Angiography
|
Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
|
Other
|
| Small-Vessel Vasculitis
|
Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis
|
Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis[1]
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
+/-
|
HCV RNA, Cryoglobulins
|
Leukocytosis, Anemia
|
↑
|
↓Serum C4, Positive RF
|
Increased hepatic echogenicity
|
–
|
Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly
|
Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI
|
Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions
|
HCV RNA, Histological confirmation
|
Palpable purpura, Microscopic hematuria
|
| Hematologic disease
|
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)[2]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
CD5, CD19, CD20, IgVH
|
Absolute lymphocytosis, Smudge cells
|
↑
|
Flow cytometry
|
Staging
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Large atypical cells, cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes
|
Chromosomal and genetic testing
|
Easy bruising
|
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma[3]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
MYC, BCL2, BCL6, and TP53
|
Lymphocytosis, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia
|
↑
|
↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia
|
Enlarged lymph nodes, Hepatosplenomegaly, Filling defects in the liver and spleen
|
–
|
Hepatosplenomegaly
|
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
|
Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern
|
Surgically excised tissue biopsy
|
Easy bruising, Testicular mass, Skin lesion
|
| Systemic disease
|
Sarcoidosis[4]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
IL-2 and IFN-γ
|
Mild anemia
|
↑
|
↑ACE, ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D
|
Active alveolitis or fibrosis
|
–
|
Hepatosplenomegaly
|
Bilateral hilar adenopathy
|
Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)
|
Histological confirmation
|
Heart block, Ocular lesion
|
| Legionella Infection[5]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
Inflammatory cytokines
|
Leukocytosis with left shift, Thrombocytosis
|
↑
|
↑D-dimer, FDP, Hyponatremia
|
Pleural effusion
|
–
|
–
|
Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR
|
Intra-alveolar inflammation, Microabscesses in the parenchyma
|
Sputum culture
|
Cough, Diarrhea
|
| Systemic lupus erythematosus[6]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
Anti dsDNA, ANA
|
Leukopenia, Lymphopenia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia
|
↑
|
↑Cr or BUN,
↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria
|
Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis, Pulmonary emboli, Alveolar hemorrhage
|
Aneurysms
|
Pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography
|
Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI
|
Staging lupus nephritis
|
Anti-dsDNA antibody test
|
Skin rashes or photosensitivity
|
| Relapsing polychondritis[7]
|
–
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Leukocytosis, Anemia
|
–
|
Cryoglobulins, ANA, C-ANCA
|
Calcification of cartilaginous structures
|
Aortic root dilatation
|
Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography
|
Tracheal stenosis in CXR
|
Chondrolysis, Chondritis, Perichondritis
|
Clinical findings coupled with imaging
|
Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis
|
References
- ↑ Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). “Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report”. Exp Ther Med. 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4671. PMC 5525644. PMID 28810602.
- ↑ Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn IW (2004). “Chronic lymphocytic leukemia”. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program: 163–83. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.163. PMID 15561682.
- ↑ Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW (September 2012). “Non-Hodgkin lymphoma”. Lancet. 380 (9844): 848–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9. PMID 22835603.
- ↑ Chiarchiaro J, Chen BB, Gibson KF (2016). “New molecular targets for the treatment of sarcoidosis”. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 22 (5): 515–21. doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000304. PMC 5152532. PMID 27454074.
- ↑ Murdoch DR (January 2003). “Diagnosis of Legionella infection”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (1): 64–9. doi:10.1086/345529. PMID 12491204.
- ↑ Tsokos, George C. (2011). “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (22): 2110–2121. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1100359. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Emmungil H, Aydın SZ (2015). “Relapsing polychondritis”. Eur J Rheumatol. 2 (4): 155–159. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0036. PMC 5047229. PMID 27708954.
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