Adenomyosis

• There is limited information about the historical perspective of [disease name].

OR

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

• The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
• In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
• In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:

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Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal syndrome or condition that may not qualify to be called a disease. An alternate definition is “the study of the biological and physical manifestations of disease as they correlate with the underlying abnormalities and physiological disturbances.”^[1]

An example, from the field of infectious disease, would be the study of a toxin released by a bacterium, and what that toxin does to the body to cause harm, one possible result being sepsis. Another example is the study of the chemical changes that take place in body tissue due to inflammation.

Pathophysiology can be looked at as the intersection of two older, related disciplines: (normal) physiology and pathology.

Physiology is the study of normal, healthy bodily function (as opposed to anatomy, which is the study of normal structure). When something disrupts normal physiological processes, it enters the realm of pathophysiology.

Pathology, broadly speaking, is the “study of the nature and cause of disease.”^[2] or the results of disease in the body. Pathophysiology looks at the detailed malfunctioning that comes from or, alternately, causes disease.

One caution in this approach is that healthy structure and function is not precisely the same in any two individuals.

Pathophysiology is a required study for under most nursing school programs in the United States as well as other countries.

• Pathology

• Kumar, V., Abbas, A. and N. Fausto. 2004. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company

de:Pathophysiologie sq:Fiziologjia patologjike

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Sumanth Khadke, MD[2], Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD

Compliance with avoidance is important. The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of causative allergen. Wear appropriate clothing to protect against irritants at home and in a work environment. ^{[1] [2]}

High-potency topical corticosteroids, e.g. clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream, may be used to reduce the inflammation. ^[3] As a general rule, high-potency corticosteroids should not be used on thin skin, e.g. face, genitals, intertriginous areas, to avoid the risk of skin atrophy. Antihistamines such as hydroxyzine and cetirizine are recommended to control pruritus. Systemic steroids are advised in severe cases but should be tapered gradually to prevent recurrences. Friction should be avoided as well as the use of soaps, perfumes, and dyes. Emollients are used for hydrating the skin. Tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream are immunomodulating drugs that inhibit calcineurin and are helpful in allergic contact dermatitis.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

WikiDoc has a reference manager that allows users to insert references based upon their PubMed ID number. If you move the text, the reference moves with it! All the references are automatically inserted at the bottom. You click on the reference and you go to the article. It is simple!

Usually you would type a number in the text like this (1) or this ¹ which refers to a reference you would like to cite. You would then type in the reference at the end of the article. This is not the preferred method in WikiDoc.

WikiDoc features an automated reference manager. The advantages of this reference manager are that:

1. The references are numbered automatically!
2. When you move the text, the reference moves with it!
3. You can click on the reference and go directly to the article!

Unlike the usual format where you type in the references at the end of the article, when you use the WikiDoc reference manager, you insert code for the reference right after the material you want to add a reference to. You use a software program to add in the references. The next section describes how to use the software program.

One goal of WikiDoc is to create reference lists that allow you to click on the PubMed ID number at the end of the reference and go to the primary article itself. This greatly facilitates locating references. Therefore, the preferred method of citing references includes the use of a reference manager that uses the PubMed ID number to create the reference. The reference manager uses not only PubMed IDs but also DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URLs.

The preferred method for inserting a reference is as follows:

Step 1: Use PubMed to locate the article you are interested in by clicking here

Step 2: Copy the PubMed ID number from the article. The word PubMed ID is often abbreviated PMID and this number is located at the bottom of the abstract. You can use the search function on Firefox or Internet explorer to locate the word PMID and the number will follow this abbreviation. It will look something like this:

PMID: 19032997

Step 3: Paste the PubMed ID number (PMID) into a software program that creates the Wiki language code for the reference you are going to paste into the text of your article. You can access software for converting a pubmed ID number from one of the following:

• SUMSearch Biomedical Citation Maker (converts PMID into wiki reference markups with embedded sumsearch link)
• DOI Wikipedia reference generator (converts DOI into wiki reference markups)
• DTU Informatics PMID to Cite journal (converts PMID into wiki reference markups)
• OttoBib (converts ISBN into wiki reference markups)
• Dave’s Template Filler (converts DrugBank ID, HGNC ID, ISBN, PubMed ID, PubMed Central ID, PubChem ID, or URL into wiki reference markups)

Step 4: When using the reference manager, make sure the button that says add ref tag is checked

Step 5: Press submit to generate the Wiki language that can be inserted in your article.

Step 6: Copy the Wiki language from the software program. For example, the output for the PMID above (19032997) is as follows:

<ref name=”pmid19032997″>{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ”et al.” |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref>

Step 7: Paste this output from the reference manager software right where you want the superscript number to appear in the text.

For example, using the above reference, you might type something like this:

Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry <ref name=”pmid19032997″>{{cite journal |author=Gibson CM, Pride YB, Frederick PD, ”et al.” |title=Trends in reperfusion strategies, door-to-needle and door-to-balloon times, and in-hospital mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction enrolled in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction from 1990 to 2006 |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=1035–44 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19032997 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.029 |url=}}</ref>

This would generate text that looks like this:

Gibson et al recently summarized the improvements made in clincial outcomes as a result of 15 years of quality improvement efforts in the NRMI registry^[1]

You are not required to use the reference manager. You can do the following:

Step 1: Place a <ref> … </ref> immediately after the sentence where you want a footnote number to appear.

Step 2: Type the text of the note between the ref tags. For example if I typed this

This was on of the first articles I published <ref>J Fam Pract. 2000 Oct;49(10):921-3.</ref> 

It would appear as this

This was one of the first articles I published[1]

Note: If you intend on using the same manual reference more than once, you will need to assign a name to the reference. You can do this by writing <ref name=”anythingyouwanthere”> … </ref>. Your name can be anything you want. Without a name, every manual reference will be viewed as a unique reference. This means that a reference used multiple times will show up as multiple references instead of just the one.

Put the following code in:

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

This will generate your references in small font, in two columns, with links to the original article and abstract. It will return text that looks like this:

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