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Reliable, easy-to-read patient information on common medical conditions β€” written in plain language, free of jargon, and grounded in current evidence. Browse the most frequent diagnoses, understand what they mean for everyday life, and learn which steps and questions help you have a focused conversation with your doctor.

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CXCL1

Introduction

The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, GROΞ±, KC, neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MGSA-Ξ±). In humans, this protein is encoded by the Cxcl1.[1]

Function

Function

CXCL1 is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis.[2][3] CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells,[4][5] and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity.[6][7] CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.[8][9][10][11][12] This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2.[8] The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.[13] An initial study in mice showed evidence that CXCL1 decreased the severity of multiple sclerosis and may offer a neuro-protective function.[14]

References

References

  1. ↑ Haskill S, Peace A, Morris J, Sporn SA, Anisowicz A, Lee SW, Smith T, Martin G, Ralph P, Sager R (October 1990). “Identification of three related human GRO genes encoding cytokine functions”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (19): 7732–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7732. PMCΒ 54822. PMIDΒ 2217207.
  2. ↑ Anisowicz A, Bardwell L, Sager R (October 1987). “Constitutive overexpression of a growth-regulated gene in transformed Chinese hamster and human cells”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (20): 7188–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7188. PMCΒ 299255. PMIDΒ 2890161.
  3. ↑ Richmond A, Thomas HG (February 1988). “Melanoma growth stimulatory activity: isolation from human melanoma tumors and characterization of tissue distribution”. J. Cell. Biochem. 36 (2): 185–98. doi:10.1002/jcb.240360209. PMIDΒ 3356754.
  4. ↑ Iida N, Grotendorst GR (October 1990). “Cloning and sequencing of a new gro transcript from activated human monocytes: expression in leukocytes and wound tissue”. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (10): 5596–9. PMCΒ 361282. PMIDΒ 2078213.
  5. ↑ Becker S, Quay J, Koren HS, Haskill JS (March 1994). “Constitutive and stimulated MCP-1, GRO alpha, beta, and gamma expression in human airway epithelium and bronchoalveolar macrophages”. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (3 Pt 1): L278–86. PMIDΒ 8166297.
  6. ↑ Moser B, Clark-Lewis I, Zwahlen R, Baggiolini M (May 1990). “Neutrophil-activating properties of the melanoma growth-stimulatory activity”. J. Exp. Med. 171 (5): 1797–802. doi:10.1084/jem.171.5.1797. PMCΒ 2187876. PMIDΒ 2185333.
  7. ↑ Schumacher C, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B (November 1992). “High- and low-affinity binding of GRO alpha and neutrophil-activating peptide 2 to interleukin 8 receptors on human neutrophils”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (21): 10542–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.21.10542. PMCΒ 50375. PMIDΒ 1438244.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Tsai HH, Frost E, To V, Robinson S, Ffrench-Constant C, Geertman R, Ransohoff RM, Miller RH (August 2002). “The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration”. Cell. 110 (3): 373–83. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00838-3. PMIDΒ 12176324.
  9. ↑ Vries MH, Wagenaar A, Verbruggen SE, Molin DG, Dijkgraaf I, Hackeng TH, Post MJ (April 2015). “CXCL1 promotes arteriogenesis through enhanced monocyte recruitment into the peri-collateral space”. Angiogenesis. 18 (2): 163–71. doi:10.1007/s10456-014-9454-1. PMIDΒ 25490937.
  10. ↑ Devalaraja RM, Nanney LB, Du J, Qian Q, Yu Y, Devalaraja MN, Richmond A (August 2000). “Delayed wound healing in CXCR2 knockout mice”. J. Invest. Dermatol. 115 (2): 234–44. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00034.x. PMCΒ 2664868. PMIDΒ 10951241.
  11. ↑ Haghnegahdar H, Du J, Wang D, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Nanney LB, Cardwell N, Luan J, Shattuck-Brandt R, Richmond A (January 2000). “The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma”. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67 (1): 53–62. PMCΒ 2669312. PMIDΒ 10647998.
  12. ↑ Owen JD, Strieter R, Burdick M, Haghnegahdar H, Nanney L, Shattuck-Brandt R, Richmond A (September 1997). “Enhanced tumor-forming capacity for immortalized melanocytes expressing melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated cytokine beta and gamma proteins”. Int. J. Cancer. 73 (1): 94–103. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<94::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-5. PMIDΒ 9334815.
  13. ↑ Richmond A, Balentien E, Thomas HG, Flaggs G, Barton DE, Spiess J, Bordoni R, Francke U, Derynck R (July 1988). “Molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of melanoma growth stimulatory activity, a growth factor structurally related to beta-thromboglobulin”. EMBO J. 7 (7): 2025–33. PMCΒ 454478. PMIDΒ 2970963.
  14. ↑ Omari KM, Lutz SE, Santambrogio L, Lira SA, Raine CS (January 2009). “Neuroprotection and remyelination after autoimmune demyelination in mice that inducibly overexpress CXCL1”. Am. J. Pathol. 174 (1): 164–76. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080350. PMCΒ 2631329. PMIDΒ 19095949.
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