Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
| Diseases
|
Cyanosis
|
Clinical manifestations
|
Para-clinical findings
|
Gold standard
|
Additional findings
|
| Symptoms
|
Physical examination
|
| Lab Findings
|
Imaging
|
| Peripheral
|
Central
|
Dyspnea
|
Fever
|
Chest pain
|
Clubbing
|
Peripheral edema
|
Auscultation
|
CBC
|
ABG
|
Electrolytes
|
Other
|
X-ray
|
CT scan
|
Other
|
| Pulmonary diseases
|
Airway disorder
|
Chronic bronchitis[1]
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
–
|
Rales, crackles, Wheeze
|
Leukocytosis
|
↓O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis
|
Hypokalemia, Hypernatremia
|
Gram stain of sputum
|
Elongated heart, Flattened diaphragms, Prominent hilar vasculature
|
Bronchial wall thickening with increased bronchovascular markings
|
–
|
HRCT
|
Productive cough, Chest tightness
|
| Parenchymal disorder
|
Alveolitis[2]
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
Wheeze, Crackles
|
Leukocytosis, Eosinophilia
|
↓O2, ↑CO2
|
Normal
|
↑ESR, ↑CRP
|
Scattered opacities, Fine reticulation
|
Homogeneous ground-glass opacity
|
–
|
HRCT PLUS Clinical findings
|
Malaise, Chills, Headache
|
| Pneumonia[3]
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
Rales, Crackles, Wheeze, Pleural friction rub
|
Leukocytosis with neutrophilia
|
Normal
|
Hyponatremia
|
–
|
Entire lobe consolidated, Air bronchograms
|
Focal ground-glass opacity
|
–
|
HRCT
|
Tachycardia, Bradycardia (Legionella)
|
| Tuberculosis[4]
|
–
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
–
|
Reduced breath sounds, Wheeze, Inspiratory crackles
|
Leukocytosis, ↑Lymphocyte
|
↓O2, ↑CO2
|
Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Hypochloremia
|
PPD, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)
|
Dense, homogeneous parenchymal consolidation
|
Nodules with low-density centers and rim enhancement
|
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG PET/CT)
|
Sputum culture, QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT)
|
Loss of appetite, Night sweats
|
| Hematologic diseases
|
Polycythemia[5]
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+
|
–
|
Normal
|
↑RBC, ↑WBC, ↑HGB, ↑Plt
|
↓O2
|
Hyperkalemia
|
↑Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, ↑Ferritin, ↑Erythropoietin
|
AVM, COPD, pulmonary hypertension
|
Normal
|
Abdominal ultrasound or renal vascular studies for ruling out renal artery stenosis
|
RBC mass (RCM) and plasma volume measurement
|
Itchiness, Headache. Dizziness. Blurred vision
|
References
- ↑ Kim V, Criner GJ (2013). “Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (3): 228–37. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1843CI. PMC 4951627. PMID 23204254.
- ↑ Lee JS, Im JG, Ahn JM, Kim YM, Han MC (August 1992). “Fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic implication of ground-glass attenuation at high-resolution CT”. Radiology. 184 (2): 451–4. doi:10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620846. PMID 1620846.
- ↑ Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J (2014). “Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults”. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/2049936113518041. PMC 4072047. PMID 25165554.
- ↑ Olalekan, Adebimpe Wasiu; Oluwaseun, Faremi Ayodeji; Oladele, Hassan Abdul-Wasiu; Akeem, Adeyemi Damilare (2015). “Evaluation of electrolyte imbalance among tuberculosis patients receiving treatments in Southwestern Nigeria”. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 51 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2014.10.003. ISSN 2090-5068.
- ↑ Spivak JL (February 2002). “The optimal management of polycythaemia vera”. Br. J. Haematol. 116 (2): 243–54. PMID 11841424.
