Gallstone disease causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Common causes of gallstone disease include increasing age, oral contraceptive pills, pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity. Life threatening causes include conditions causing hepatic and biliary cirrhosis.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life threatening causes of gallstones include:^[1]

Most Common Causes

Most common causes of gallstones include:^[2]^[3]^[4]Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag^[5]^[6]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of gallstones include:^[2]^[3]^[4]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Williams syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Atazanavir, Ceftriaxone, Clofibrate, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Febuxostat, Hormonal contraception, Lanreotide, Leflunomide, Oxcarbazepine, Pasireotide, Pergolide, Pramipexole, Proton pump inhibitors, Rilpivirine, Somatostatin, Teduglutide, Tiagabine, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Diabetes, Somatostatinoma
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn’s disease, Liver cirrhosis, Ulcerative colitis, Cystic fibrosis
Genetic	Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Hemochromatosis, Hereditary spherocytosis, Williams Syndrome , Hemoglobin E disease, Hemolytic anemia, Sickle cell disease, Cystic fibrosis
Hematologic	Hemoglobin E disease, Hemolytic anemia, Sickle cell disease, Hemochromatosis, Hereditary spherocytosis, Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Iatrogenic	Long term intravenous nutrition, Weight loss surgery
Infectious Disease	Clonorchiasis, Infection in the gallbladder
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Williams syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Hypercalcaemia, Low-fiber, High-cholesterol diets, Hemochromatosis, Williams syndrome, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Dieting, Fasting
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Pregnancy
Oncologic	Somatostatinoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Ceftriaxone, Clofibrate, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Hormonal contraception, Lanreotide, Pasireotide, Proton pump inhibitors, Somatostatin
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Cystic fibrosis
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease
Sexual	Cystic fibrosis
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Aging, Dieting, Fasting, Obesity, Rapid weight loss

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Heaton KW, Braddon FE, Mountford RA, Hughes AO, Emmett PM (1991). “Symptomatic and silent gall stones in the community”. Gut. 32 (3): 316–20. PMC 1378843. PMID 2013429.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). “Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium”. Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Alvaro D, Angelico M, Gandin C, Ginanni Corradini S, Capocaccia L (1990). “Physico-chemical factors predisposing to pigment gallstone formation in liver cirrhosis”. J. Hepatol. 10 (2): 228–34. PMID 2332595.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). “Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States”. Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.
↑ Liu B, Beral V, Balkwill A, Green J, Sweetland S, Reeves G (2008). “Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study”. BMJ. 337: a386. PMC 2500203. PMID 18617493.
↑ De Santis A, Attili AF, Ginanni Corradini S, Scafato E, Cantagalli A, De Luca C, Pinto G, Lisi D, Capocaccia L (1997). “Gallstones and diabetes: a case-control study in a free-living population sample”. Hepatology. 25 (4): 787–90. doi:10.1002/hep.510250401. PMID 9096577.

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[pmid2013429-1] Heaton KW, Braddon FE, Mountford RA, Hughes AO, Emmett PM (1991). “Symptomatic and silent gall stones in the community”. Gut. 32 (3): 316–20. PMC 1378843. PMID 2013429.

[pmid8423030-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). “Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium”. Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.

[pmid2332595-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Alvaro D, Angelico M, Gandin C, Ginanni Corradini S, Capocaccia L (1990). “Physico-chemical factors predisposing to pigment gallstone formation in liver cirrhosis”. J. Hepatol. 10 (2): 228–34. PMID 2332595.

[pmid2642879-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). “Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States”. Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.

[pmid18617493-5] Liu B, Beral V, Balkwill A, Green J, Sweetland S, Reeves G (2008). “Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study”. BMJ. 337: a386. PMC 2500203. PMID 18617493.

[pmid9096577-6] De Santis A, Attili AF, Ginanni Corradini S, Scafato E, Cantagalli A, De Luca C, Pinto G, Lisi D, Capocaccia L (1997). “Gallstones and diabetes: a case-control study in a free-living population sample”. Hepatology. 25 (4): 787–90. doi:10.1002/hep.510250401. PMID 9096577.

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