Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hamartomas. There are different anatomic approaches for different anatomic sites.

• Wedge resection is the mainstay of therapy for patients with pulmonary hamartoma.^[1]
• Other interventions, such as aggressive lobectomy or total pneumonectomy are only considered when the central intrapulmonary hamartoma is located in the deep part of pulmonary lobes or adhered severely to hilum, and/or the distal lung tissue is nonfunctional.
• Intraoperative frozen section is necessary to rule out malignancy.

• Hypothalamic hamartomas can be effectively treated with a variety of surgical approaches.
• The most effective approach is the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotactic laser ablation (SLA).
• This approach offers a a potentially safer, minimally invasive method with high efficacy for the hypothalamic hamartoma treatment.^[2]
• Other specific surgical options include; stereotactic thermocoagulation, gamma knife radiosurgery, and physical resection by transsphenoidal microsurgery.
• Surgery is normally offered if there is a rapid growth of lesion.
• Surgical response is typically better when the seizure focus has been found by EEG to originate in or near the mass.
• The specific location of the lesion relative to the pituitary and infundibulum and the amount of hormonal disturbance at presentation can help predict risk of hypopituitarism following surgery.^[3]

• Complete surgical excision is the main choice surgery for symptomatic patients with cardiac hamartoma.
• Other intervention may be partial excision. However, this procedure is only indicated when the tumor size is more extensive.
• Postsurgical recurrence is rare.^[4]

• Laparoscopic splenectomy is the standard procedure for most of benign and malignant splenic tumors.^[5]
• Other tumors, such as angiomyolipomas do not normally require surgery unless there is life-threatening bleeding.
• Some centers may perform preventative selective embolisation of the angiomyolipoma if it is more than 4cm in diameter, due to the risk of hemorrhage.^[6]

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