borderline

tumor

of the ovary

• Asymptomatic initially
• Vaginal bleeding
• Abdominal mass

• Increased abdominal girth
• Abdominal mass

• Decreased Hb
• Raised CEA

• Localizes tumor

• Demarcates the cancer

• To visulaize the extent of the tumor

• Large multiloculated cystic masses
• mucus-containing cysts

• Image guided biopsy and histopathological analysis

mucinous

carcinoma^[4][5]

• Ascities
• Abdominal mass
• Abdominal fullness
• Early satiety
• Fatigue
• Bowel obstruction
• Pleural effusion
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Venous thromboembolism

• Bloating
• Urinary frequency

• Increased abdominal girth
• Abdominal mass
• Ascities
• Pallor
• Lymphadenopathy

• Incresed CA-125
• Decreased-Hb
• Raised CEA

• For the assessment for ascites and to the extent of cancer

• Shows intra-abdominal spread

• Shows distant metastasis and extent of the tumor

• Mucinous differentiation

• Tall columnar cells with apical mucin
• Endocervical or intestinal-like appearance
• Back-to-back cribriform glands with confluent growth pattern
• Invasive morphology

• Image-guided biopsy of patients with peritoneal metastasis and histopathological analysis

cystadenoma

of pancreas^{[6][7][8][9][10]}

• Asymptomatic
• Epigastric fullness
• Abdominal mass
• Nausea and vomiting
• Back pain

• Epigastric mass
• Abdominal fullness
• Ascities
• Pallor
• Lymphadenopathy

• CEA
• CA 19-9
• Hb

• EUS for evaluation of the cyst wall, may show nodules within the cyst
• To obtain aspiration of the cyst material
• To perform biopsy

• CT is important for differentiating MCN from other tumors
• Shape is smooth
• Main pancreatic duct is not dilated

• MRI cross-sectional images may show unilocular or multilocular cyst with a solid component
• peripheral calcification
• wall thickening
• Papillary structures
• Hypervascular pattern

• Solitary, multilocular or unilocular cysts with a fibrotic wall and containing mucin
• Columnar epithelium lined mucin-producing cysts with different level of dysplasia

pseudocyst

• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal mass
• Bloating

• Abdominal mass

• Amylase levels raised (plasma or serum)
• Lipase levels raised (plasma)

• US may not be a good modality of diagnoses as pancreas lies behind the stomach (and so a gas-filled stomach will obscure the pancreas

• CT scan is the gold standard for initial assessment and follow-up

• To establish the relationship of the pseudocyst to the pancreatic ducts

• collection of fluid containing pancreatic enzymes, hemolysed blood and necrotic debris around the pancreas

• Abdominal/flank pain
• Weight loss
• Per-rectal bleeding

• Palpable mass

• Amylase levels raised (plasma or serum)
• Lipase levels raised (plasma)

• US localizes the mass and shows its extent

• CT shows well-circumscribed, multilocular masses
• Macrocysts appear well-circumscribed with lobulations

• Microcysts are not very visible on CT and MRI is used to locate them

• Too see features of the primary tumor
• Local invasion
• Metastatic lesions
• Microcyts appear hyperintense

• Multiple cysts
• Cuboidal epithelium
• Glycogen-rich cells
• Serous fluid

• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Nausea or vomiting

Atypical symptoms include:

• Constant pain in the right iliac fossa
• Prolonged diarrhea

• Fever
• Tachycardia
• Hypotension
• Tachypnea

• Rebound tenderness
• Abdominal guarding
• Rovsing’s sign
• Psoas sign
• Obturator sign

• Leukocytosis
• shift to the left in the segmented neutrophils

• Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of appendicitis
• Findings include:
  • Noncompressible, dilated appendix
  • Appendicolith Echogenic prominent
  • Pericaecal fat and periappeniceal fluid collection

• CT scans are preferred over ultrasounds for diagnosing appendicitis
• Increase in appendiceal lumen with the outer-wall-to-outer-wall transverse diameter greater than 6 mm
• Appendiceal wall thickening (wall ≥ 3mm)
  • Appendiceal wall hyperenhancement
  • Mural stratification of the appendiceal wall

• Magnetic resonance imaging has become the common technique for diagnosing appendicitis in children and pregnant patients
• periappendiceal stranding appears as an increased fluid signal on the T2 weighted sequence (while it is reflected by fat stranding on a CT scan)

• Inflammation of the appendiceal wall can result in perforation and development of a contained abscess or generalized peritonitis.
• The wall of the appendix can become ischemic as vascular and lymphatic occlusion progress.^[14]

cyst^[2]

• Asymptomatic

• Acute or chronic abdominal pain

• Smooth, round and mobile abdominal mass

• Shows echogenic mass in appendix

• CT scan are the best diagnostic tool

• Provides significant information of the size and localization
• Cystic masses associated with areas of fat necrosis and hemorrhage

• Lymphangioma: endothelial lining
• Enteric duplication cyst: Enteric lining and double-muscle lining with neural elements;
• Enteric cyst: Enteric lining (mucosa with no muscle layer
• Mesothelial cyst: mesothelial lining
• Nonpancreatic pseudocyst has no lining, with a fibrous wall.