Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Donath-Landsteiner syndrome; PCH
Overview
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is a rare disease that is associated with intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria after exposure to cold. The Donath-Landsteiner antibody sticks to the red blood cells in the cold which causes a complement-mediated lysis upon rewarming.
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Historical Perspective
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Classification
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Pathophysiology
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Pathophysiology
In people with PCH, a polyclonal IgG autoantibody binds to red blood cell surface antigens in the cold. This can occur in a susceptible individual as blood passes through cold extremities in cold weather. When the blood returns to the warmer central circulation, the red blood cells are lysed with complement, causing intravascular hemolysis. Hemoglobinuria and anemia can then occur. The anemia may be mild or severe.
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Causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
PCH can be an after effect of an infection, when a microorganism triggers the formation of antibodies that cross-react with the P antigen on the red blood cell membrane. Viral infections that can cause PCH include measles, mumps, influenza, adenovirus,chickenpox, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Bacterial infections that can cause PCH include syphilis,Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. PCH can also be a side effect of some vaccinations. Chronic idiopathic(of unknown cause) PCH also occurs, but it is rare.
Causes
Common Causes
- Adenovirus
- Chickenpox
- Coxsackie a9
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epstein-barr virus
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Influenza
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Measles
- Mumps
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Parvovirus b19
- Secondary syphilis
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, Hemolysis, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Non-hodgkin lymphoma, Primary myelofibrosis , Pulmonary small cell carcinoma |
| Iatrogenic | Measles vaccination, Vaccinations |
| Infectious Disease | Adenovirus, Chickenpox, Coxsackie a9, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-barr virus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Influenza, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Measles, Mumps, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Parvovirus b19, Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis, Treponema pallidum, Varicella-zoster virus , Visceral leishmaniasis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Non-hodgkin lymphoma, Primary myelofibrosis , Pulmonary small cell carcinoma |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Idiopathic |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Adenovirus
- Chickenpox
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma
- Coxsackie a9
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epstein-barr virus
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Hemolysis
- Idiopathic
- Influenza
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Measles
- Measles vaccination
- Mumps
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Non-hodgkin lymphoma
- Parvovirus b19
- Primary myelofibrosis
- Pulmonary small cell carcinoma
- Secondary syphilis
- Tertiary syphilis
- Treponema pallidum
- Vaccinations
- Varicella-zoster virus
- Visceral leishmaniasis
References
Differentiating Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria from other Diseases
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Differentiating Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria from other Diseases
In alphabetical order: [1] [2]
- Anemia
- Chicken Pox
- Congenital Syphillis
- Glandular fever
- Measles
- Mumps
References
Epidemiology and Demographics
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Risk Factors
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Screening
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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Natural History
Acute PCH tends to be transient and self-limited, particularly in children. Chronic PCH associated with syphilis resolves after the syphilis is treated with appropriate antibiotics. Chronic idiopathic PCH is usually mild.
Complications
Prognosis
References
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination |Laboratory Findings | Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
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