Pelvic inflammatory disease causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2];Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease include Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Other causes of pelvic inflammatory disease include Bacteroides, Enterococci, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Ureaplasma urealyticum, gram negative rods, and anaerobes.

Causes

Common Causes

Less common causes

Anaerobes such as peptostreptococcus spp and prevotella spp
Pathogens associated with BV including: atopobium vaginae and leptotrichia spp^[7]
Mixed infection: Sometimes, it is caused by mixed flora including, Bacteroides, Enterococci, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Ureaplasma urealyticum, E.coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus spp and gram negative rods

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) (patient information)
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Curettage, endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, intrauterine device, uterine transplant
Infectious Disease	Acinetobacter, actinomyces, actinomycosis, bacterial vaginosis, bacteroides, campylobacter, cervicitis, chlamydia infection, chlamydia trachomatis, clostridium, coagulase-negative staphylococcus, cytomegalovirus, endometritis, enterococcus, escherichia coli, fusobacterium , gardnerella, gonorrhea, group A streptococci, group B streptococcal infection, hemophilus influenza, herpes simplex virus 2, HIV AIDS, klebsiella, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma, neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-gonococcal urethritis, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, prevotella, proteus mirabilis, salpingitis, sphingomonas, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus, the clap, trichomoniasis, ureaplasma urealyticum
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Abortion, bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, childbirth, curettage, diaphragm (contraceptive), douche, endometrial biopsy, endometriosis, endometritis, estrogen and progestin (oral contraceptives) (patient information), hysteroscopy, intrauterine device, miscarriage, nabothian cyst, oophoritis, ovarian cyst, polycystic ovary syndrome, salpingitis, uterine transplant
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Gradison M (2012). “Pelvic inflammatory disease”. Am Fam Physician. 85 (8): 791–6. PMID 22534388.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hoof K (2007). “[Pelvic inflammatory disease]”. Ther Umsch. 64 (7): 365–8. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365. PMID 17948752.
↑ Heinonen PK, Miettinen A (1994). “Laparoscopic study on the microbiology and severity of acute pelvic inflammatory disease”. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 57 (2): 85–9. PMID 7859910.
↑ Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS, Wang SP, Wentworth BB, MacCormack WM, Holmes KK (1975). “Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease”. N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.
↑ Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K (2012). “Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service”. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206 (6): 476.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036. PMID 22483084.
↑ Galask RP, Larsen B, Ohm MJ (1976). “Vaginal flora and its role in disease entities”. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 19 (1): 61–81. PMID 1253468.
↑ Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG, Bukusi EA, Totten PA (2004). “Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction”. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (12): 2109–20. doi:10.1086/425929. PMID 15551209.

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[pmid22534388-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Gradison M (2012). “Pelvic inflammatory disease”. Am Fam Physician. 85 (8): 791–6. PMID 22534388.

[pmid17948752-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Hoof K (2007). “[Pelvic inflammatory disease]”. Ther Umsch. 64 (7): 365–8. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.64.7.365. PMID 17948752.

[pmid7859910-3] Heinonen PK, Miettinen A (1994). “Laparoscopic study on the microbiology and severity of acute pelvic inflammatory disease”. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 57 (2): 85–9. PMID 7859910.

[pmid806017-4] Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS, Wang SP, Wentworth BB, MacCormack WM, Holmes KK (1975). “Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease”. N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.

[pmid22483084-5] Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K (2012). “Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service”. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206 (6): 476.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.036. PMID 22483084.

[pmid1253468-6] Galask RP, Larsen B, Ohm MJ (1976). “Vaginal flora and its role in disease entities”. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 19 (1): 61–81. PMID 1253468.

[pmid15551209-7] Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG, Bukusi EA, Totten PA (2004). “Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction”. J. Infect. Dis. 190 (12): 2109–20. doi:10.1086/425929. PMID 15551209.

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