Pulmonary atresia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:

According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

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There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

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[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

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The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

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• [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
• Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
• [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
• The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
• The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.

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Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:

• [Gene1]
• [Gene2]
• [Gene3]

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The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:

• [Mutation 1]
• [Mutation 2]
• [Mutation 3]

Conditions associated with [disease name] include:

• [Condition 1]
• [Condition 2]
• [Condition 3]

On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

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Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

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The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

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The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

• ymptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
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Common causes of [disease name] may include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

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• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [CauseCauses by OrganList the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
• Cause 1
• Cause 2
• Cause 3
• Cause 4
• Cause 5
• Cause 6
• Cause 7
• Cause 8
• Cause 9
• Cause 10

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

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[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

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[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

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As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

• The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

• The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

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The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

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Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

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Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

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The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

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Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
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  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

• Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
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  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

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According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with:

• [Condition 1]
• [Condition 2]
• [Condition 3]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [4]

Pulmonary atresia can be classified into two forms: with intact ventricular septum and with ventricular septal defect. Additionally, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum can be further classified into type I or type II depending largely on the complexity of the cardiac lesion as characterized by one of two patterns of pathophysiology.

There are two forms of pulmonary atresia.^[1]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [4]

• The outcome varies for every child. Studies has shown that the survival rate mainly is dependant on the degree of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and extent of the right ventricular dilatation/hypertrophy.^[1]

• Right Ventricular hypertrophy can be a key predictor of fetal mortality and neonatal outcome. The retrospective studies have shown right ventricular hypertrophy in 50 % of fetuses who died during the neonatal period compared to those who survived it.^[1]
• If the condition is left uncorrected it is fatal, but the prognosis has greatly improved over the years for babies with pulmonary atresia due to advancement in medicine. Most cases of pulmonary atresia can be helped with surgery. If the patient’s right ventricle is exceptionally small, many surgeries will be needed in order to help stimulate normal circulation of blood to the heart.
• If uncorrected, babies with this type of congenital heart disease will only survive for the first few days of life while the fetal shunts between left and right circulations remain patent. It is recommended to screen the fetuses at the second trimester via Echocardiographic ultrasound and those with positive findings should only be delivered at the tertiary care setup to minimize the poor outcome.^[2]
• The long term prognosis of corrected defect is excellent and the children will go on to lead relatively normal, uncomplicated healthy. Children with pulmonary atresia will need to be seen regularly throughout their lifetime by a cardiologist to be sure that their heart is functioning properly. Due to their increased risk of endocarditis, children diagnosed with pulmonary atresia should have amoxicillin before any type of dental work or other types of surgeries to help prevent this infection from occurring.^[3]

^[4]

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

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