Avian influenza differential diagnosis

Avian influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory tract infection or flu-like illness, such as other influenza viruses, such as human or swine influenza, other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic agents that are typically associated with nasopharyngeal and respiratory tract infections, and non-infectious causes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drug adverse effects, and cardiac causes.

Influenza should be differentiated from the following diseases or pathogens that cause upper or lower respiratory disease or flu-like symptoms:^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}

• Other influenza viruses, such as human influenza or swine influenza
• Other infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, that are typically responsible for respiratory illness
  • Adenoviruses
  • Anthrax (caused by B. anthracis)
  • Arenaviruses
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Coronaviruses (responsible for SARS and MERS)
  • Dengue fever
  • Echoviruses
  • Ebola virus infection
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
  • Herpes viruses
  • HIV disease
  • Histoplasmosis and other fungal causes of respiratory disease
  • Human metapneumovirus
  • Malaria
  • Measles
  • Parainfluenza virus
  • Poliovirus infection
  • Q fever
  • Rhinovirus
  • Respiratory syncytial virus
  • Other bacterial causes of nasopharyngeal and respiratory infection, such as S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, L. pneumophila.

• Asthma
• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema
• Drugs, such as interferons, monoclonal antibodies, bisphosphonates, and chemotherapeutic agents
• Hematologic malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas)
• Myocarditis
• Metal fume fever
• Pericarditis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Vaccinations (typically transient and mild flu-like illness)

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