Lupus vulgaris

Lupus vulgaris^[1] are painful cutaneous tuberculosis skin lesions with nodular appearance, most often on the face around nose, eyelids, lips, cheeks and ears.^[2]:335 The lesions may ultimately develop into disfiguring skin ulcers if left untreated.

In the 19th century, the chronic and progressive nature of this disease was particularly marked: it remained active for ten years, twenty years, or even longer and, proved resistant to all treatment until the breakthrough by Niels Ryberg Finsen using a form of “concentrated light radiation” now known as Photobiomodulation which won him a Nobel Prize. Queen Alexandra of Great Britain, (1844–1925), consort to Edward the VII, as the inscription on the bronze statue of her at the London Hospital, notes, “Introduced to England the Finsen light cure for Lupus, and presented the first lamp to this hospital”.

The term “lupus” to describe an ulcerative skin disease dates to the late thirteenth century, though it was not until the mid-nineteenth that two specific skin diseases were classified as Lupus erythematosus and Lupus vulgaris. The term “lupus” may derive from the rapacity and virulence of the disease; a 1590 work described it as “a malignant ulcer quickly consuming the neather parts; … very hungry like unto a woolfe”.^[3]

• Lupus vulgaris often develops due to inadequately treated pre-existing tuberculosis. It may also develop at site of BCG vaccination. ^[4]
• It begins as painless reddish-brown nodules which slowly enlarge to form irregularly shaped red.

• 
  Lupus vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.^[5]
• 
  Lupus vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.^[5]
• 
  Lupus vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.^[5]
• 
  Lupus vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.^[5]
• 
  Lupus vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.^[5]

Histologically, it shows well-formed granulomas with necrotic centers in dermis.

The condition should be distinguished from:

• Basal cell carcinoma
• Sarcoidosis
• Discoid lupus erythomatosus
• Leprosy^[4]
• Deep fungal infection^[4]

In long standing scarred lesion, squamous cell carcinoma can develop.

On diascopy, it shows characteristic “apple-jelly” color.

Biopsy will reveal tuberculoid granuloma with few bacilli.

A dermatologist or general physician usually administers combination therapy of drugs used for tuberculosis, such as Rifampicin, Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide (possibly with either streptomycin or ethambutol).

• Miliary tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis

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cs:Lupus vulgaris id:Lupus vulgaris

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