• Rheumatic heart disease ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [1][5]}
• Sometimes described are intravenous leiomyomatosis, ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.^[6]
• Carcinoid syndrome^{[1] [7] [8] [9] [1]} </ref> ^[6]
• Benign tumors like atrial myxomas can cause functional TS^[10]. ^[11]

1. Tetralogy of fallot ^[16] Chronic turbulent flow through a deformed valve appears to cause these changes and as a result the valve looses it’s normal morphology.^{[17] [18] [19]}
2. Noonan syndrome
3. Leopard syndrome
4. William’s syndrome
5. Alagille syndrome
6. Congenital rubella syndrome

1. Carcinoid syndrome ^[20]
2. Rheumatic fever ^[21]
3. Homograft dysfunction^[22]
4. Pulmonary hypertension ^{[23] [24]}

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

• Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
• Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

• [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order: