• Occurs in association with vaginitis during menstruation following tampon use (S. aureus);
• As a complication of soft tissue infections (S. pyogenes or GAS)
• In females undergoing medical abortion

(C. sordellii)^{[4][5][6][7][8]}

• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Rash: Diffuse scarlantiform rash (red sunburn-like rash. It is flat and turns white if pressed)
• Thick skin desquamation appears on the hands and feet at around 1-2 weeks of disease progression, and might be followed by hair desquamation or shedding of fingernails and toenails after 2-3 months^[9]

• Hyponatremia^[10]
• Uremia
• Hepatic dysfunction (total bilirubin, serum asparate aminotransferase or serum alanine aminotransferase levels >2 times upper normal limit)^[11]
• Leukocytosis with a polymorphonuclear shift to the left
• Platelets < 100,000 per mm³(thrombocytopenia)
• Pyuria of renal origin.^[12]

• Nonpitting systemic edema

• Tachycardia
• Mucous membrane hyperemia (vaginal, oral, conjunctival)

• Close contact with a carrier
• Intimate kissing and cigarette smoking are associated with increased risk of meningococcal carriage^[14]

• Positive Kernig’s sign
• Positive Brudzinski’s sign^[15]
• Photophobia^[16]

• Vomiting
• Nausea
• Headache
• Cool extremities
• Seizures
• Rash: petechiae and purpura (star-shaped rash, which can develop into purple bruising. Meningococcal rash can usually be confirmed by a glass test in which the rash does not fade away under pressure.^[17]

• Positive blood cultures (Neisseria meningitidis)
• CSF findings typical of bacterial meningitis:[24]
  • Cells >300/uL
  • Predominantly granulocytes
  • Total protein 100-500mg/dl
  • Glucose ratio (CSF/plasma) <0.3
  • Lactate >2.1 mmol/L
  • CSF gram stain and culture may be positive

• Anticonvulsants
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Antibiotics^[19]

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Herpes simplex virus^[20] 

• Positive Nikolsky sign (exerting mechanical pressure on several erythematous zones resluts in peeling of skin)
• Skin macules which rapidly coalescence.^[21]

• Ocular involvement: eyelid edema, erythema, crusts, and ocular discharge, to conjunctival membrane or pseduomembrane formation or corneal erosion^[22]

• Rash: Purpuric macules and targetoid lesions; full-thickness epidermal necrosis,  presenting as blisters and areas of denuded skin; and mucous membrane involvement^[23]

• Serum levels of the following are typically elevated in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome:
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha
  • Soluble interleukin 2-receptor
  • Interleukin 6
  • C-reactive protein

• Histological work up of skin sections reveal wide spread necrotic epidermis involving all layers

• HHV-6^[24]
• Carbamazepine
• Minocycline
• Allopurinol
• Abacavir
• Nevirapine
• Clindamycin

• Multi-organ dysfunction:^[25]
  • Pneumonitis
  • Hepatitis
  • Renal failure
  • Encephalitis
  • Cardiac failure

• Hemophagocytosis

• Lymphadenopathy
• Rash: Urticarial, maculopapular eruption and, in some instances, vesicles, bullae, pustules, purpura, target lesions, facial edema, cheilitis, and erythroderma^[26]

• Eosinophilia
• Leukocytosis
• Uremia
• Increased ALT and AST^[27]

• Vancomycin
• Ciprofloxacin
• Amphotericin B
• Rifampicin
• Teicoplanin
• Cefepime

• Local infusion site erythema
• Angioedema (rare)

• Headache
• Chills
• Diziness
• Chest pain
• Dyspnea

• Pruritis

• Rash: An erythematous rash that involves the face, neck, and upper torso

disease

• Interaction of genetic and environmental factors
• Infection in combination with genetic predisposition to an autoimmune mechanism

(autoimmune vasculitis)

• Non-suppurative, painless bilateral conjunctival inflammation (conjunctivitis)
• Strawberry tongue (marked redness with prominent gustative papillae),
• Deep transverse grooves across the nails may develop (Beau’s lines),
• lymphadenopathy present(acute, non-purulent, cervical),
• Coronary artery aneurysms.

• High and persistent fever that is not very responsive to normal treatment with acetaminophen or NSAIDs,
• Rash: diffuse macular-papular erythematous rash

• Liver function tests may show evidence of hepatic inflammation and low serum albumin levels
• Low hemoglobulin and age-adjusted hemoglobulin concentrations
• thrombocytosis
• anemia.
• Echocardiographic abnormalities, such as valvulitis (mitral or tricuspid regurgitation) and coronary artery lesions, are significantly more common in Kawasaki disease^[31]
• Pyuria of uretheral origin.

• Pastia’s sign (puncta and skin crease accentuation of the erythema)
• Strawberry tongue
• Cervical lymphadenopathy may be present.
• Scarlet fever appears similar to Kawasaki’s disease in some aspects, but lacks the eye signs or the swollen, red fingers and toes

• Characteristic sandpaper-like rash which appears days after the illness begins (although the rash can appear before illness or up to 7 days later), rash may first appear on the neck, underarm, and groin

• Leukocytosis with left shift and possibly eosinophilia a few weeks after convalescence.
• Anti-deoxyribonuclease B antibody positive
• Antistreptolysin-O titers (antibodies to streptococcal extracellular products)
• Antihyaluronidase, and antifibrinolysin may be positive.

• It commonly presents with pimple-like lesions surrounded by erythematous skin. Lesions are pustules, filled with pus, which then break down over 4-6 days and form a thick crust. It’s often associated with insect bites, cuts, and other forms of trauma to the skin.

• The insect injects formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in a rash and swelling in the injured area, often with formation of vesicles.

• Commonly presents with high fever, coryza and conjunctivitis, with observation of oral mucosal lesions (Koplik’s spots), followed by widespread skin rash.

• The presentation is similar to smallpox, although it is often a milder form, with fever, headache, myalgia, back pain, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after the appearance of fever, the patient develops a papular rash, often first on the face. The lesions usually develop through several stages before crusting and falling off.

• Commonly presents with a facial rash which then spreads to the trunk and limbs, fading after 3 days, low grade fever, swollen glands, joint pains, headache and conjunctivitis. The rash disappears after a few days with no staining or peeling of the skin. Forchheimer’s sign occurs in 20% of cases, and is characterized by small, red papules on the area of the soft palate.

• The symptoms commonly begin about 7-14 days after infection and present as fever, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. Observation of Koplik’s spots is also a characteristic finding in measles.

• The most commonly caused disease is the Coxsackie A disease, presenting as hand, foot and mouth disease. It may be asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms, or it may produce fever and painful blisters in the mouth (herpangina), on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. There can also be blisters in the throat or above the tonsils. Adults can also be affected. The rash, which can appear several days after high temperature and painful sore throat, can be itchy and painful, especially on the hands/fingers and bottom of feet.

• It is typical of teenagers, usually appears on the face and upper neck, but the chest, back and shoulders may have acne as well. The upper arms can also have acne, but lesions found there are often keratosis pilaris, not acne. The typical acne lesions are comedones and inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules. Some of the large nodules were previously called “cysts“

• Non-pruritic bilateral symmetrical mucocutaneous rash
• Non-tender regional lymphadenopathy
• Condylomata lata and
• Patchy alopecia.

• The lesions are commonly flesh-colored, dome-shaped, and pearly in appearance. They are often 1-5 millimeters in diameter, with a dimpled center. Generally not painful, but they may itch or become irritated. Picking or scratching the lesions may lead to further infection or scarring. In about 10% of the cases, eczema develops around the lesions. They may occasionally be complicated by secondary bacterial infections.

• Common symptoms include low-grade fever without chills, sore throat, white patches on tonsils and back of the throat, muscle weakness and sometime extreme fatigue, tender lymphadenopathy, petechial hemorrhage and skin rash.

• It is a common rash in infants, with clustered and vesicular appearance.

• It commonly presents with fever, chills, open sore at the site of the bite and rash, which may show red or purple plaques.

• The rash of fifth disease is typically described as “slapped cheeks,” with erythema across the cheeks and sparing the nasolabial folds, forehead, and mouth.

• The common symptoms include sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, fatigue, weakness, muscle pain and loss of appetite.

• It commonly includes fever, punctate red macules on the hard and soft palate and uvula (Forchheimer’s spots), bright red tongue with a “strawberry” appearance, sore throat and headache and lymphadenopathy. Scarlet fever has a characteristic sandpaper-like rash which appears days after the illness begins (although the rash can appear before illness or up to 7 days later), rash may first appear on the neck, underarm, and groin.

• The symptoms may include maculopapular rash, petechial rash, abdominal pain and joint pain.

• It commonly starts as a painful rash on one side of the face or body. The rash forms blisters that typically scab over in 7-10 days and clears up within 2-4 weeks.

• It commonly starts with conjunctival and catarrhal symptoms and then characteristic spots appearing in two or three waves, mainly on the body and head, rather than the hands, becoming itchy raw pox (small open sores which heal mostly without scarring). Touching the fluid from a chickenpox blister can also spread the disease.

• The first symptom is commonly a bump formed by a mite-bite, eventually resulting in a black, crusty scab. Many of the symptoms are flu-like including fever, chills, weakness and muscle pain but the most distinctive symptom is the rash that breaks out, spanning the person’s entire body.

• It commonly presents with headache, nuchal rigidity, fever, petechiae and altered mental status.