Waterborne diseases

Overview

Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. Contaminated drinking water used in the preparation of food can be the source of foodborne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostly concentrated on children in developing countries.^[1]

Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites.

Protozoal infections

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Amebiasis (hand-to-mouth)	Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)	Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply	Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
Cryptosporidiosis (oral)	Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)	Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.	Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach
Cyclosporiasis	Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)	Sewage, non-treated drinking water	cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)	Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite	Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia.	Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
Microsporidia	Protozoan (Microsporidiosis), but closely related to fungi	The genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water ^[2]

Parasitic Infections

Disease and Transmission	Microbial Agent	Sources of Agent in Water Supply	General Symptoms
Schistosomiasis (immersion)	Schistosoma	Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes	Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
dracunculiasis	dracanculus medinensis	drinking water containing infective cyclops	allergic reaction,urticarial rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, asthmatic attack.
taeniasis solium	taenia solium	contaminate drinking water with eggs	intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
fasciolosis	fasciola	contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria	GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
hymenolepiasis nana	hymenolepis nana	contaminated drinking water with eggs	mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
hyatidosis	echinococcus granulosus	contaminated drinking water with eggs	hyatid cyst press on bile ductand blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
coenurosis	multiceps multiceps	contaminated drinking water with eggs	inreases intacranial tension
ascraiasis	ascaris lumbricoides	contaminated drinking water with eggs	Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
enterobiasis	entrobius vermicularis	contaminated drinking water with eggs	peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia

Disease	Morbidity (cases per year)	Mortality (deaths per year)
1,500,000,000	100,000
Schistosomiasis	200,000,000	200,000

Bacterial infections

Botulism – Clostridium botulinum bacteria – gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food

Campylobacteriosis

Cholera – Vibrio cholerae bacteria – gastro-intestinal often waterborne

Chronic granulomatous disease – caused by the Mycobacterium marinum infection and localized in skin, frequently occurred with aquarium keepers ^[3].

Diarrhoeal diseases – caused by the water contamination of Cryptosporidium parvum ^[4].

Dysentery – Shigella/Salmonella bacteria – gastro-intestinal food/water

Legionellosis – cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease

Leptospirosis–

Otitis externa

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

Typhoid – Salmonella typhi bacteria – gastro-intestinal water/food borne

Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus commonly found in seafood and recreational water ^[5].

Viral Infections

Adenovirus infection – its serotypes are typically waterborne ^[6].

Astroviruses –

Caliciviruses –

Circoviruses – its human form of Transfusion Transmitted Virus found in feces, saliva, skin and hair ^[2]

Coronaviruses – cause SARS and excreted in the feces ^[2]

Enteric Adenoviruses –

Hepatitis A – Hepatitis A virus – gastro-intestinal water/food borne

Parvoviruses – associated with Gastroenteritis ^[2].

Picobimaviruses – associated with Gastroenteritis in AIDS patients, children and elderlies ^[2].

Polio – polioviruses – gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated

Polyomaviruses – its human form of JC virus cause Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and detected in sewage ^[2]

Small Round Structured Virus

Allergic infections

Hay fever – a part of disease rate is associated with the high frequency of swimming pool attendance in childhood ^[7]
Meningitis
Trihalomethanes – a byproduct of chlorinated water which will cause bladder cancer through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools ^[8].

References

↑ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Nwachuku, Nena. “Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>” (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Petrini, B. “Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Nichols, Gordon. “Infection risks from water in natural and man-made environments <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Dziuban, Eric J.; et al. “Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water — United States, 2003–2004 <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Nwachuku, Nena; et al. “Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet>” (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Kohlhammer, Y.; et al. “Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet>”. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
↑ Villanueva, Cristina M.; et al. “Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet>”. American Journal of Epidemiology. Retrieved 17 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

External links

ICS 91.140.60 Water supply systems – A series of the ISO standards
World Health Organization
Center for Diseases Control U.S.
Safe Water for International Travelers gives a rating of water safety worldwide
Genome information on Shigella and Salmonella is available at the NIAID Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC)

de:Wasserbürtige Krankheiten

Template:WS

[1] ttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html

[ewpcw-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Nwachuku, Nena. “Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>” (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[mmuawg-3] Petrini, B. “Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[irwnm-4] Nichols, Gordon. “Infection risks from water in natural and man-made environments <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[swdo-5] Dziuban, Eric J.; et al. “Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water — United States, 2003–2004 <internet>”. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[ciasuv-6] Nwachuku, Nena; et al. “Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet>” (PDF). Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[spahfr-7] Kohlhammer, Y.; et al. “Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet>”. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved 9 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[bcewd-8] Villanueva, Cristina M.; et al. “Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet>”. American Journal of Epidemiology. Retrieved 17 August. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

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