Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder. In obsessive-compulsive disorder people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, and ideas which are intrusive and unwanted, and are called obsessions. They also display behaviors called compulsions which are also unwanted, and negatively interfere with the sufferers life. The person often carries out these compulsions in order to rid themselves of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the obsessive rituals or tasks can cause the sufferer great anxiety.

• In the 19th century, ideas of what compulsions and personal obsessions were became a main area of study and analysis.^[1]
• The start of the 20th century brought the largest advancement in the study of obsessions and compulsions as more psychiatrists started to link the two symptoms to one another.
• Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet were the two most influential people in bringing OCD to the modern level of understanding and diagnosis. Freud’s concept combined the idea of cause and effect, meaning that the obsessions created a need for the compulsions or repetitive behaviors. Janet however, put forth the idea that the cause of the obsessions stemmed from the inability of the person to use a particular type of nervous energy to complete high level of cognitive tasks.
• The generic term “obsessive compulsive disorder” is not a term that was created in the traditional sense. No one person discovered “obsessive compulsive disorder” rather it was a collective effort of many mental health professionals over a period of many years.

• Martin Luther (1483-1546), the first and most important leader of the Protestant Reformation in Europe suffered from OCD.
• Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), accredited with compiling the first dictionary of the English language, suffered from a compulsion of “odd movements”.
• Eminent evolutionist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is now also a well-known historical figure who suffered from OCD.
• Howard Hughes (1905 -1976) is perhaps the most famous person known to have suffered with OCD in more recent times. He was the twentieth century American aviator, engineer, industrialist, film producer, film director, philanthropist, and one of the wealthiest people in the world, whose story was told in the 2004 film, “The Aviator”.
• Engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) displayed a number of characteristics that indicate that he suffered from OCD.
• American Civil War general Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s (1824-1863) odd behaviors suggest that, despite his prominent achievements, he suffered from OCD.
• Lawyer Ernst Lanzer (1878-1914) was given the nickname “Rat Man” by Sigmund Freud due to his odd compulsion of having an obsession with nightmarish fantasies about rats.

• There is limited information about the historical perspective of [disease name].

OR

• [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

• The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
• In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
• In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be classified into three categories based on co-morbiditiy into OCD simole complex, OCD co-morbid tic-related class, and OCD co-morbid affective-related class.

• OCD can be classified into three categories based on co-morbidity:^[1]

1. An OCD simplex class, where major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common additional disorder.
2. An OCD co-morbid tic-related class, where tics are prominent and affective syndromes are considerably rarer.
3. An OCD co-morbid affective-related class where panic disorder and affective syndromes are common.

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:

• [Group1]
• [Group2]
• [Group3]
• [Group4]

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on:

• [Classification method 1]
• [Classification method 2]
• [Classification method 3]

[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on:

• [Classification method 1]
• [Classification method 2]
• [Classification method 3]

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:

According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Template:WH

Template:WS

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [5]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[6] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

It is generally agreed that neurotransmitters, biological, psychological, and environmental factors all play a potential role in causing obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Behavioral

• Compulsions, according to learning theorists, may be a person’s response to anxiety or discomfort. Compulsions, in particular, are thought to be responses that help a person avoid or reduce the anxiety and discomfort associated with a particular obsession or urge.^[1]
• Some theorists also believe that misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts leads to obsessive and compulsive behaviors. People with OCD misinterpret these intrusive thoughts as being important, personally significant, or having disastrous consequences, and as a result, engage in compulsive behavior to combat, resist, or neutralize the distress they cause.^[1]

Psychological

• Different species have evolved to protect themselves by gathering or hoarding food and constantly scanning the environment for potential threats. These evolutionary traits, which have been passed down through generations, could be a psychological cause of OCD.^[2]

Biological

• OCD has been linked to abnormalities in the neurotransmitter serotonin. Individuals suffering from OCD may have serotonin receptors that are understimulated, according to a theory. This theory is supported by the fact that many OCD patients benefit from the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant that increases serotonin availability to serotonin receptors.

^[3]

• Genetic factors may also contribute to OCD.^[4]

• In unrelated families with OCD, a mutation in the human serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, has been discovered.^[5]
• People with OCD had higher volumes of regional grey matter extending from bilateral lenticular nuclei, to the caudate nuclei, and lower volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.^[6]
• PANDAS, a syndrome linked to Group A streptococcal infections, or immunologic reactions to other pathogens may cause rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents. ^[7]

Neurotransmitters role

• People with OCD have a different pattern of brain activity than people without OCD, as per brain scans. The scans also reveal different circuitry functioning in the striatum.^[8]
• Individuals with OCD have abnormal dopamine and serotonin activity in various brain regions, which can be classified as dopaminergic hyperfunction in the prefrontal cortex and serotonergic hypofunction in the basal ganglia.^[9]

Stress

• OCD is not caused by stress, but it can be triggered by a stressful event. If OCD is not treated, anxiety and stress in one’s life will significantly worsen symptoms. Problems at school or at work, as well as problems in everyday relationships, could all contribute to a person’s OCD becoming more frequent and severe.^[10]

Trauma

• According to researchers, people who have experienced physical or sexual trauma are more likely to develop OCD.^[11]

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

• ymptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
• [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [Cause3]

OR

• [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
• [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

• [Cause1]
• [Cause2]
• [CauseCauses by OrganList the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
• Cause 1
• Cause 2
• Cause 3
• Cause 4
• Cause 5
• Cause 6
• Cause 7
• Cause 8
• Cause 9
• Cause 10

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy, Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

The differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) includes tics, mood and anxiety disorders, and other compulsive behaviors, such as trichotillomania or neurodermatitis.^[1]

• OCD should be differentiated from the following conditions:^[2]
  • Anxiety disorders
    • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
    • Social anxiety
  • Eating disorders
    • Anorexia nervosa
  • Major depressive disorder(MDD)
  • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
  • Body dysmorphic disorder
  • Autism spectrum disorder
  • Other compulsive-like behaviors
    • Sexual behavior
    • Gambling
    • Substance use
  • Other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
    • Body dysmorphic disorder
    • Trichotillomania
  • Psychotic disorders
  • Tics (in tic disorder) and stereotyped movements or Tourette syndrome^[3]
• Certain psychiatric conditions are diagnosed alongside OCD including; Anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, compulsive skin picking, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania.
• There is some evidence of a link between drug addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder, according to some studies. Panic attacks are common among OCD sufferers. Although those with any anxiety disorder are at a higher risk of drug addiction (possibly as a coping mechanism for the increased levels of anxiety), drug addiction in obsessive compulsive patients may be a type of compulsive behavior rather than a coping mechanism.
• OCD sufferers are also more likely to suffer from depression. Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998) proposed one explanation for the high rate of depression in OCD populations, stating that people with OCD (or any other anxiety disorder) may feel depressed due to a “out of control” type of feeling.^[4]
• PANDAS refers to childhood streptococcal infections (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections) could be responsible for some cases of OCD. Antibodies to streptococcal bacteria become involved in an autoimmune reaction. Though this theory is not conclusive, if it proves to be correct, there is reason to believe that OCD can be “caught” to some extent through strep throat exposure (just as one may catch a cold). If OCD is caused by bacteria, however, there is hope that antibiotics will be used to treat or prevent it in the future.^[5]
• OCD sufferers are aware that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational, but they feel compelled to follow them in order to avoid panic or dread. Untreated OCD is often regarded as one of the most vexing and frustrating of the major anxiety disorders because sufferers are consciously aware of their irrationality but powerless to push it away. Most OCD sufferers will hide their behaviors from others to avoid negative attention because they understand the abnormal nature of their compulsions. This, combined with the fact that the compulsions in some sufferers are entirely mental, has earned the disease the moniker “the secret illness.”
• Everyone has unpleasant thoughts at some point in their lives, but these are usually justified concerns that disappear after a reasonable amount of time has passed. People with OCD find it difficult to get any disturbing thoughts out of their heads, which often leads to feelings of distress and anxiety[6][6]^[7]
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder is frequently confused with obsessive compulsive personality disorder. However, the two are not the same condition. Former disorder is ego dystonic, which means it is incompatible with the sufferer’s self-concept. Ego dystonic disorders cause a great deal of distress because they go against a person’s perception of himself. OCPD, on the other hand, is ego syntonic, which means that the individual accepts that the symptoms of the disorder are compatible with his or her self-image. Ego syntonic disorders, for the most part, are not distressing. People with OCD are often aware that their behavior is irrational, and they are unhappy with their obsessions, but they still feel compelled to follow them. Persons with OCPD, on the other hand, are unaware of anything abnormal about themselves; they will readily explain why their actions are rational, and convincing them otherwise is usually impossible. People with OCD are anxious; people with OCPD, on the other hand, enjoy their obsessions or compulsions.^[8] This is a significant difference between these two distinct conditions.
• Frequently, these rationalizations do not apply to the overall behavior, but to each individual; for example, a person who checks their front door obsessively may argue that the time and stress involved in one more check is significantly less than the time and stress involved in being robbed, and thus the check is the better option. In practice, if the individual is still unsure after that check, it is still preferable in terms of time and stress to do another check, and this reasoning can go on indefinitely.
• Overvalued ideas are a symptom of OCD in some people. In such cases, the person with OCD will be unsure whether or not the fears that drive them to perform their compulsions are rational. It is possible to persuade the individual that their fears are unfounded after some discussion. ERP therapy may be more hard to implement to such patients because they are often unwilling to cooperate, at least at first. As a result, OCD has been compared to a disease of pathological doubt, in which the sufferer, while not delusional, is unable to fully comprehend what types of dreaded events are realistically possible and which are not.
• OCD is distinct from compulsive behaviors such as gambling and overeating. People with these disorders usually get some enjoyment out of their activities, whereas OCD sufferers don’t want to do their compulsive tasks and don’t get any pleasure out of them.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2]Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy, Kiran Singh, M.D. [3], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [4]

Once believed to be rare, OCD was found to have a lifetime prevalence of 2,300 per 100,000 (2.3%) of the overall population. The twelve month prevalence of OCD is 1,200 per 100,000 (1.2%) of the overall population.^[1][2] Discovery of effective treatments and education of patients and health care providers have significantly increased the identification of individuals with OCD. International studies have shown a similar incidence and prevalence of OCD worldwide.

• Obsessive compulsive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of 2,300 per 100,000 (2.3 percent), though many cases of OCD go untreated in primary care settings.^[2][3]
• The 12-month prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in the general population is 1,200 per 100,000 (1.2%).^[1]
• Individuals who have not completed high school have a higher lifetime prevalence of OCD (3.4 percent) than those who have (1.9 percent ). Those with a college diploma, on the other hand, have a higher lifetime prevalence (3.1 percent) than those with only a high school diploma (2.4 percent ).
• The average age of onset for OCD is 19.5 years old, but it can range from late adolescence to the mid-20s in both sexes. However, the age of onset for males is younger than that for females.^[4]
• According to a 2008 study, OCD symptoms in Japanese patients are similar to those in Western countries, proving that the disorder transcends culture and geography^[5]
• Sufferers are thought to have above-average intelligence because the disorder necessitates complicated thinking patterns.

• The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
• The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

• In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
• The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
• The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
• [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
• [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
• [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

• There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

• The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

• [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy, Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Risk factors for obsessive compulsive disorder include genetic predisposition, a variety of genetic factors, environmental factors, and brain structure and function.

• Research suggests that the condition tends to run in families. A person who has OCD has a 25% chance of having a blood relative who has it. One study found that children inherit OCD symptoms in 45%-60% of cases, while adults inherit the symptoms in 27%-47% of cases.^[1]
• People with first-degree relatives who have OCD, especially if the first-degree relative developed OCD as a child or teen, are at a higher risk for OCD.

• Presence of other mental or neurologic conditions, such as:^[1]

• Anxiety disorders
• Depression
• Tourette’s syndrome
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Substance abuse
• Eating disorders
• Personality disorders
• Streptococcal infection
• PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders)

• Pregnancy or post-partum period: OCD symptoms may worsen during, and immediately after pregnancy. In this case, fluctuating hormones can trigger symptoms. Postpartum OCD is characterized by disturbing thoughts and compulsions regarding the baby’s well-being.

• Experiencing childhood physical or sexual abuse.^[1]
• Experiencing a stressful event (major life changes, such as loss of a loved one, divorce, relationship difficulties, problems in school, or abuse).
• Experiencing a traumatic event.

• Experiencing childhood behavioral inhibition.^[1]
• Experiencing higher negative emotionality.

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
• Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

• Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
  • [Risk factor 1]
  • [Risk factor 2]
  • [Risk factor 3]

Template:WH

Template:WS

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy, Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

This screening test for obsessive-compulsive disorder is designed as a guide to find out whether one shows symptoms similar to those of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is considered as a gold standard to screen for the symptoms and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder.

• Some tests such as a questionnaire can be done for initial screening for obsessive compulsive-disorder but only a trained healthcare professional can make this diagnosis.^[1][2]

• The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is a symptom checklist and severity scale that is administered by a clinician and is considered a valid screening tool in primary care settings. It is classified as a gold standard to screen for the symptoms and severity of obsessive compulsive disorder. The Y-BOCS assesses 64 obsessions and compulsion along wit their severity.^[3][4][5]

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with:

• [Condition 1]
• [Condition 2]
• [Condition 3]

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

The course of obsessive compulsive disorder is difficult to predict, and minimal research has been done on it. However, it is known that stress exacerbates the symptoms of OCD, and if left untreated, OCD often develops into a chronic condition that presents varying complications and results in an overall poor quality of life.^[1]

• OCD tends to have a waxing and waning course. The fact that many individuals do not seek treatment may be due in part to stigma associated with OCD, and because sufferers of OCD do not realize that what they are suffering from is OCD, mainly because the typical depiction of the disorder in the media and elsewhere only covers a few of the many symptoms of OCD.

• Sufferers of OCD who are married often have an increased likelihood of recovering from OCD due to the protective nature of the individual’s spouse in which the spouse provides support and assistance in addressing symptoms that aide remission.^[2][3][4]
• Those with more severe OCD have been found to often be less likely to remit from the disorder.^[5]

• Complications that obsessive-compulsive disorder may cause or be associated with include:^[6]

• Health issues such as contact dermatitis due to frequent hand-washing
• Inability to attend work, school or social activities
• Troubled relationships
• Overall poor quality of life
• Suicidal thoughts and behavior
• Anxiety disorders
• Eating disorders
• Alcohol or substance abuse

• OCD almost always results in a reduced overall quality of life.^[7]
• Despite the fact that psychological and/or pharmacological treatment may reduce OCD symptoms, there are rarely symptom-free situations.^[8]
• Almost 40% of pediatric OCD cases qualify for remission and 40% still have the disorder in adulthood.^[9]

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

• The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
• The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
• If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

• Common complications of [disease name] include:
  • [Complication 1]
  • [Complication 2]
  • [Complication 3]

• Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [–]%.
• Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
• The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
• [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
• The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sonya Gelfand, Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

According to the DSM-V, substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive or related disorder is diagnosed in patients with obsessions and compulsions characteristic of OCD, but that develop during or after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to medications.

• Delirium
• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (i.e., not induced by a substance)
• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to another medical condition
• Substance intoxication^[1]

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sonya Gelfand, Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

According to the DSM-V, obsessive-compulsive disorder due to another medical condition is diagnosed in patients with obsessions and compulsions characteristic of OCD, but that develop as a pathophysiological consequence of another pre-existing medical condition.

• Associated feature of another mental disorder

• Anorexia nervosa

• Schizophrenia

• Delirium

• Illness anxiety disorder

• Mixed presentation of symptoms (e.g., mood and obsessive-compulsive and related disorder symptoms).

• Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (primary)

• Other specified obsessive-compulsive and related disorder or unspecified obsessive compulsive and related disorder

• Substance/medication-induced obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Template:WikiDoc Sources