The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is rheumatic heart disease. Other causes of tricuspid stenosis include carcinoid syndrome, congenital abnormalities, endocarditis, lupus, and mechanical obstruction by a tumor.

• Rheumatic heart disease is one of the most common causes of TS and almost always occurs in conjunction with mitral stenosis.^[1][2][3]
• Large vegetations in infective endocarditis can cause relative stenosis.
• Carcinoid syndrome may cause isolated TS or mixed with the regurgitant lesion.^[4]
• Systemic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome and the presence of permanent pacing and fusion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads to sub-valvular structures can cause tricuspid stenosis.^[5][6]
• Benign tumors like atrial myxomas can cause functional TS^[7].
• Blunt trauma has also been described as a risk factor. Renal and ovarian tumors can grow into the tricuspid orifice causing stenosis.

• Other less common causes of TS include congenital abnormalities (Ebstein’s anomaly), metabolic or enzymatic abnormalities (Fabry’s disease, Whipple’s disease).^[3][8]
• Sometimes described are intravenous leiomyomatosis, ventriculoatrial shunts causing TS.^[9][10]
• Valvulopathy associated with drugs like fenfluramine/phentermine and methysergide is characterized by thickened fibrotic and hypomobile tricuspid leaflets, with various degrees of valve stenosis and regurgitation.^[11]

• Amyloidosis^[15]
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Cardiac tumor
• Congenital heart disease
• Ebstein’s anomaly
• Endomyocardial fibrosis
• Fabry disease
• Giant blood cyst
• Infective endocarditis
• Intravenous leiomyomatous tumor^[10]
• Metastatic tumor
• Myxoma
• Pacemaker infection
• Pacemaker leads
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Whipple’s disease