Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.
| Diseases
|
Clinical manifestations
|
Para-clinical findings
|
Gold standard
|
Additional findings
|
| Symptoms
|
Physical examination
|
| Lab Findings
|
Imaging
|
Histopathology
|
| Headache
|
Fever
|
Weight loss
|
Arthralgia
|
Claudication
|
Bruit
|
HTN
|
Focal neurological disorder
|
Biomarker
|
CBC
|
ESR
|
Other
|
CT scan
|
Angiography
|
Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
|
Other
|
| Variable-vessel vasculitis
|
Behçet’s syndrome[1]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
–
|
CXCL1
|
Mild anemia, Neutrophilia
|
↑
|
Factor V Leiden
|
Focal CNS lesions
|
Aneurysm formation and thrombosis areas
|
Valve vegetations and ventricular thrombi in echocardiography
|
Meningoencephalitis in MRI
|
Lymphocytic and plasma cell invasion in the prickle cell layer of the epidermis
|
Clinical criteria
|
Genital ulcerations, Oral ulceration
|
| Cogan’s syndrome[2]
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
+
|
Anti-Hsp70 antibodies
|
Anemia, Thrombocytosis
|
↑
|
RF, ANA
|
Thickening and enhancement of both posterior sclera
|
Stenosis, thrombosis or more lesions in aortic root
|
Aortic insufficiency in echocardiography
|
Early interstitial keratitis by slit lamp
|
Muscle necrosis and atrophy resembling myositis
|
–
|
Red eye, Hearing loss, Vertigo
|
| Gastrointestinal disease
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease[3]
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA), P-ANCA
|
Leukocytosis, Anemia
|
↑
|
Iron or vitamin deficiency, Stool OB
|
Mesenteric fat stranding, bowel wall enhancement, increased vascularity (comb sign)
|
–
|
Fistulas, Abscesses, Stenosis
|
Grossly denuded mucosa with active bleeding in colonoscopy
|
Crypt abscesses and mucosal ulceration, Granulomas
|
Endoscopy
|
GI bleeding
|
| Whipple’s disease[4]
|
+
|
+/-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
CCR6, Gut-homing marker integrin β7-chain, T whippelii DNA
|
Mild anemia, Neutrophilia
|
↑
|
72-hour fecal fat determination
|
Nonspecific malabsorption
|
–
|
Hepatosplenomegaly
|
–
|
Periodic acid-Schiff–positive macrophages infiltration in lamina propria of the small bowel
|
Broad-spectrum PCR amplifications
|
Cachexia,
Glossitis
|
| Sjögren’s syndrome[5]
|
–
|
–
|
+/-
|
+
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Anti-Ro and Anti-La, Anti-alpha-fodrin antibody
|
Anemia,
Leukopenia,
Eosinophilia
|
↑
|
Hypergammaglobulinemia, Low bicarbonate level, Hypokalemia
|
Salt and pepper or honeycomb appearance in parotid glands
|
–
|
Multicystic or reticular pattern in atrophic salivary gland
|
R/O obstructions or strictures with Sialography
|
Focal aggregates of lymphocytes
|
Schirmer test
|
Keratoconjunctivitis, Gingival inflammation
|
References
- ↑ Yazici H, Fresko I, Yurdakul S (March 2007). “Behçet’s syndrome: disease manifestations, management, and advances in treatment”. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 3 (3): 148–55. doi:10.1038/ncprheum0436. PMID 17334337.
- ↑ Iliescu DA, Timaru CM, Batras M, De Simone A, Stefan C (2015). “COGAN’S SYNDROME”. Rom J Ophthalmol. 59 (1): 6–13. PMC 5729811. PMID 27373108.
- ↑ Wehkamp J, Götz M, Herrlinger K, Steurer W, Stange EF (2016). “Inflammatory Bowel Disease”. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (5): 72–82. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0072. PMC 4782273. PMID 26900160.
- ↑ Dutly F, Altwegg M (2001). “Whipple’s disease and “Tropheryma whippelii““. Clin Microbiol Rev. 14 (3): 561–83. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.3.561-583.2001. PMC 88990. PMID 11432814.
- ↑ Stefanski AL, Tomiak C, Pleyer U, Dietrich T, Burmester GR, Dörner T (2017). “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Sjögren’s Syndrome”. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 114 (20): 354–361. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0354. PMC 5471601. PMID 28610655.
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