These may be caused among others by trauma, secretory stasis/milk engorgement, hormonal stimulation, infections or autoimmune reactions. Repeated occurrence unrelated to lactation requires endocrinological examination.

• Carcinoma in situ, a pre-malignant condition which can progress to a malignant cancer

Malignant diseases include:

• Breast cancer
• Paget’s disease of the nipple, also known as Paget’s disease of the breast

Benign conditions include:

• Congenital disorders
  • inverted nipple
  • supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts (polymazia / polymastia) /duplicated nipples
• Aberrations of normal development and involution
  • cyclical nodularity
  • breast cysts
  • fibroadenoma – benign tumor
  • gynecomastia (males)
  • nipple discharge, galactorrhea
  • mammary fistula
• Fibrocystic disease / Fibrocystic changes
  • cysts
  • epithelial hyperplasia
  • epithelial metaplasia
  • papillomas
  • adenosis
• Pregnancy-related
  • galactocoele

Also called: fibrocystic breast disease, Chronic cystic mastitis, Diffuse cystic mastopathy, Mammary dysplasia

Nipples

Inverted nipple

• • bacterial mastitis
  • mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis
  • mastitis of mumps
  • chronic intramammary abscess
  • chronic subareolar abscess
  • tuberculosis of the breast
  • syphilis of the breast
  • retromammary abscess
  • actinomycosis of the breast
  • Mondor’s disease
  • duct ectasia syndrome
  • breast engorgement

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

• Breast
• Mammary gland
• Paget’s Disease of Breast
• Mondor’s disease
• Mastalgia
• Accessory breast

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