Health Dictionary

Overview

Melanoma must be differentiated from other causes of skin lesions, such as other skin cancers, premalignant skin tumors, and benign skin lesions.

Differential Diagnosis

Melanoma must be differentiated from other causes of skin lesions, such as:

Angiokeratoma^[1]
Atypical fibroxanthoma^[2]
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Dermatofibroma^[3]
Dermatofibroma protuberans
Dysplastic nevus^[4]
Epithelioid (Spitz) tumors
Halo nevus
Histiocytoid hemangioma^[5]
Keratoacanthoma^[6]
Lentigo^[7]
Lentigo maligna
Metastasis of other primary tumors
Mycosis fungoides^[8]
Oral candidiasis^[9]
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Pigmented actinic keratosis^[10]
Scar tissue or keloid
Sclerosing angioma^[11]
Sclerosing blue nevus^[12]^[13]
Sarcoma
Sebaceous carcinoma^[14]
Seborrheic keratosis^[15]^[16]
Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma^[17]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin^[18]
Traumatic hematoma^[19]^[20]
Melanocytic nevus and other benign melanocytic lesions^[21]
Traumatized nevus
Venous lake
Vitiligo^[22]

Oral melanoma must be differentiated from other mouth lesions such as oral candidiasis and aphthous ulcer

Disease	Presentation	Risk Factors	Diagnosis	Affected Organ Systems	Important features	Picture
Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity
Oral Candidiasis	Dysphagia or odynophagia White patches on the mouth and tongue	Newborn babies Denture users Poorly controlled diabetes As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken antibiotics. Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, asthma or COPD) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication. People with poor nutrition, specifically vitamin A, iron and folate deficiencies. People with an immune deficiency (e.g. as a result of AIDS/HIV or chemotherapy treatment). Women undergoing hormonal changes, like pregnancy or those on birth control pills. Organ transplantation patients	Clinical diagnosis Confirmatory tests rarely needed	Localized candidiasis Oral and esophageal candidasis Candida vulvovaginitis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Invasive candidasis Candidaemia Candida endocarditis Candida osteoarticular disease	Oral candidiaisis is a benign self limiting disease unless accompanied by immunosuppression.	Tongue infected with oral candidiasis – By James Heilman, MD – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg
Herpes simplex oral lesions	Fever Sore throat Painful ulcers	Stress Recent URTI Female sex	Physical examination Viral culture Tzanck smear	Orofacial Infection Anogenital Infection Ocular Infection Herpes Encephalitis Neonatal Herpes Herpetic Whitlow Herpes Gladiatorum	The symptoms of primary HSV infection generally resolve within two weeks	Oral herpes simplex infection – By James Heilman, MD – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg
Aphthous ulcers	Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open ulcer	Being a female Between the ages of 10-40 Family history of aphthous ulcers	Physical examination Diagnosis of exclusion	Oral cavity	Self-limiting , Pain decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks	By Ebarruda – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358
Squamous cell carcinoma	Non healing ulcer, nodule, indurated plaque or mass May involve skin, lips, inside the mouth, throat or esophagus	Chronic sun or UV exposure Fair skin Elderly age (>45 yrs) Male sex Smoking	Physical exam Biopsy	Oral Cavity Floor of mouth Lateral tongue Throat Esophagus	Malignant Can spread to TMJ Some times associated with leukoplakia	Squamous cell carcinoma – By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio – http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632
Leukoplakia	White leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth Lateral borders of tongue	Atypical Tobacco use Chronic irritation Immunodeficiency Bloodroot (sanguinaria)	Physical exam Diagnosis of exclusion Biopsy	Vulvar lesions occur independent of oral lesions	Associated with HIV Persistant white spots Benign but can progress to carcinoma after almost 10 years Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is an aggressive sub type with multiple lesions and higher conversion to warts or carcinoma^[23]	Leukoplakia – By Aitor III – Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087
Melanoma	A lesion with ABCD Asymmetry Border irregularity Color variation Diameter changes Bleeding from the lesion	UV radiations Genetic predisposition Old age Male gender Family or personal history of melanoma Multiple benign or atypical nevi	ABCD characteristics Bleeding or ulceration may show malignancy Serum LDH may be elevated in case of malignancy Biopsy	Can metastasize All UV radiation or sun exposed areas can be effected independently 1-2 to hundreds of granules	Neural crest cell derivative Development begins with disruption of nevus growth control Progression involves MAPK/ERK pathway N-RAS or BRAF oncogene also involved	Oral melanoma – By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis – Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811
Fordyce spots	Rice-like granules or spots Small, painless, raised, pale, red or white 1 to 3 mm in diameter	Greasy skin types Some rheumatic disorders Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Lower gingiva (gums) Vestibular mucosa	Physical exam Small keratin-filled pseudocysts May be seen on incidental mucosal biopsy Biopsy not done for them primarily	Oral cavity Vermilion border of the lips Oral mucosa of the upper lip Buccal mucosa in the commissural region often bilaterally Genitals	Benign neoplasms with sebaceous features Visible sebaceous glands No surrounding mucosal change Several adjacent glands may coalesce into a larger cauliflower-like cluster	Fordyce spots – Por Perene – Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899
Burning mouth syndrome	Burning or tingling on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth	Nutritional deficiencies Chronic anxiety or depression Diabetes type 2 Menopause Oral thrush or dry mouth, or damaged nerves transmitting taste Female gender Menopause	Presentation Physical exam	Oral cavity	Pain typically is low in the morning and builds up over the day Low dosages of benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be effective
Torus palatinus	Bony growth on midline of the hard palate Nodular mass covered with normal mucosa	Genetic predisposition Autosomal dominant	Physical exam Types Flat tori Spindle tori Nodular tori Lobular tori	Hard palate	More common in Asian and Inuit populations Twice more common in females Repeated trauma can cause bleeding Surgery may be required in symptomatic	Torus palatinus – By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591
Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems
Behcet’s disease	Painful mouth sores Acne like skin lesions Headache, fever, poor balance, disorientation Abdominal pain, diarrhea or bleeding Uveitis Joint swelling and joint pain Genital sores wit pain and scaring Aneurysms	Over active immune system	Physical examination	Mouth Genitals GIT Eye Joints Skin Vascular system Brain	Outbreaks of exaggerated inflammation Affects smaller blood vessels	Behcet’s disease – By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD – http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021
Crohn’s disease	Chronic, episodic diarrhea or constipation Abdominal pain Vomiting Weight loss or weight gain	Smoking Whites and European Jews Hormonal contraception Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods Industrialized country	Typical history and symptoms Skip lesions on biopsy Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)	Eyes Joints Skin	May lead to Obstructions Abscesses Free perforation Hemorrhage
Agranulocytosis	Fever or chills Frequent infections Unusual redness, pain, or swelling around a wound Mouth ulcers Abdominal pain Burning sensation when urinating Sore throat	Medications^[24] Cytotoxic chemotherapy Hematologic malignancies Autoimmune disorders	Neutropenia <100 cells per micro litre Eosinopenia Basopenia	Oral cavity Skin GIT Urinary system Conjunctiva	Immunocompromization Types Drug-induced Malignant Autoimmune
Syphilis^[25]	Chancre Regional lymphadenopathy	Multiple sexual partners Illicit drug use Unprotected sex Men who have sex with men Residence in highly prevalent areas HIV infection Presence of other STIs Previous history of STIs Intravenous drug use	Darkfield microscopy Non treponemal tests like VDRL and RPR test) Treponemal testsFTA-ABS tests, (TP-PA) assay, enzyme immunoassays, and chemiluminescence immunoassays)	Oral cavity Penis Cervix Labia Anal canal Rectum CNS CVS	Primary syphilis Chancre Secondary syphilis Condylomata lata Latent syphilis Asymptomatic Tertiary syphilis Gummas Neurosyphilis	oral syphilis – By CDC/Susan Lindsley – http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349
Coxsackie virus	Fever Sores in the mouth Rash with blisters Aches	Pregnancy immunodeficiency	History and Physical exam Throat swabs Swabs from the lesion Tzanck test	Oral cavity Skin	Symptomatic treatment
Chicken pox	Conjunctival symptoms Catarrhal symptoms Characteristic spots on the trunk appearing in two or three waves Itching	Pregnancy Premature infants born to susceptible mothers All infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation or who weigh =1000 grams Immunocompromised	History and physical exam PCR to detect VZV in skin lesions (vesicles, scabs, maculopapular lesions)	Oral cavity Skin	Sodium bicarbonate in baths or antihistamines for itching Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever Prednisolone is contraindicated	Chickenpox – By James Heilman, MD – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565
Measles	Fever Rash Cough Coryza (runny nose) Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Malaise Koplick spots in mouth	Unvaccinated individuals^[26]^[27] Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions Traveling to less developed and developing countries Immunocompromized Winter and spring seasons Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated Health care workers	History and examination PCR for Measles-specific IgM antibody PCR for Measles RNA	Oral cavity Skin Respiratory tract Eyes Throat	Caused by Morbillivirus Primary site of infection is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx Transmitted in respiratory secretions, via aerosol droplets containing virus particles	Koplick spots (Measles) – By CDC – http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483

References

↑ Dumitrache N, Neiderer K, Martin B, Dancho J (2013). “Angiokeratoma presenting as a melanoma: a case report”. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 103 (3): 241–2. PMID 23697732.
↑ Pujani M, Hassan MJ, Jetley S (2015). “Atypical fibroxanthoma in a young female misdiagnosed clinically as a malignant melanoma–An unusual presentation”. J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1027. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.150353. PMID 26881598.
↑ AlJasser MI, Martinka M, Kalia S (January 2014). “Dermatofibroma mimicking melanoma dermoscopically”. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 39 (1): 69–70. doi:10.1111/ced.12155. PMID 24256198.
↑ Bahuau M, Vidaud D, Kujas M, Palangié A, Assouline B, Chaignaud-Lebreton M, Prieur M, Vidaud M, Harpey JP, Lafourcade J, Caille B (1997). “Familial aggregation of malignant melanoma/dysplastic naevi and tumours of the nervous system: an original syndrome of tumour proneness”. Ann. Genet. 40 (2): 78–91. PMID 9259954.
↑ Uzzauto MT (January 2015). “Melanoma hidden in a hemangioma”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 72 (1 Suppl): S56–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.07.011. PMID 25500044.
↑ Wakimoto H, Harada K, Arai T, Maeda T, Irisawa R, Tsuboi R (February 2017). “Reduced expression of the ATP2A2 gene in vemurafenib-induced keratoacanthoma-like papules in a melanoma patient”. Int. J. Dermatol. 56 (2): e33–e35. doi:10.1111/ijd.13430. PMID 27805257.
↑ Charifa A, Chen C. PMID 29489150. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Imafuku K, Hata H, Yanagi T, Kitamura S, Inamura-Takashima Y, Nishimura M, Kitamura S, Moriwaki S, Shimizu H (July 2017). “Multiple skin cancers in patients with mycosis fungoides after long-term ultraviolet phototherapy”. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 42 (5): 523–526. doi:10.1111/ced.13121. PMID 28543586.
↑ Gu GM, Epstein JB, Morton TH (October 2003). “Intraoral melanoma: long-term follow-up and implication for dental clinicians. A case report and literature review”. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 96 (4): 404–13. doi:10.1016/S1079210403003202. PMID 14561964.
↑ Kelati A, Baybay H, Moscarella E, Argenziano G, Gallouj S, Mernissi FZ (November 2017). “Dermoscopy of Pigmented Actinic Keratosis of the Face: A Study of 232 Cases”. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 108 (9): 844–851. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2017.05.002. PMID 28705516.
↑ Campagnoli TR, Medina CA, Singh AD (2016). “CHOROIDAL MELANOMA INITIALLY TREATED AS HEMANGIOMA: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS”. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 10 (2): 175–82. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000220. PMID 26448544.
↑ Borgenvik TL, Karlsvik TM, Ray S, Fawzy M, James N (May 2017). “Blue nevus-like and blue nevus-associated melanoma: a comprehensive review of the literature”. ANZ J Surg. 87 (5): 345–349. doi:10.1111/ans.13946. PMID 28318130.
↑ Hussain A, Sidiropoulos M, Das S, Munoz DG, Nijhawan N (June 2017). “Orbital cellular blue nevus complicated by malignant melanoma”. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 52 (3): e111–e113. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.11.025. PMID 28576220.
↑ Ribeiro F, Leocadia E, Macarenco RS, Lapins J, Huet P, Akay BN, Steiner D (July 2017). “Reticulated acanthoma with sebaceous differentiation mimicking melanoma”. Dermatol Pract Concept. 7 (3): 35–37. doi:10.5826/dpc.0703a07. PMC 5661163. PMID 29085717.
↑ Carrera C, Segura S, Aguilera P, Scalvenzi M, Longo C, Barreiro A, Broganelli P, Cavicchini S, Llambrich A, Zaballos P, Thomas L, Malvehy J, Puig S, Zalaudek I (June 2017). “Dermoscopic Clues for Diagnosing Melanomas That Resemble Seborrheic Keratosis”. JAMA Dermatol. 153 (6): 544–551. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0129. PMC 5540029. PMID 28355453.
↑ Braun RP, Ludwig S, Marghoob AA (September 2017). “Differential Diagnosis of Seborrheic Keratosis: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features”. J Drugs Dermatol. 16 (9): 835–842. PMID 28915278.
↑ Cohen DN, Lumbang WA, Boyd AS, Sosman JA, Zwerner JP (May 2014). “Spindle cell squamous carcinoma during BRAF inhibitor therapy for advanced melanoma: an aggressive secondary neoplasm of undetermined biologic potential”. JAMA Dermatol. 150 (5): 575–7. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7784. PMID 24577111.
↑ Boespflug A, Debarbieux S, Depaepe L, Chouvet B, Maucort-Boulch D, Dalle S, Balme B, Thomas L (April 2018). “Association of subungual melanoma and subungual squamous cell carcinoma: A case series”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 78 (4): 760–768. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.038. PMID 28947295.
↑ Tchernev G, Chokoeva AA, Wollina U, Lotti T (May 2016). “Persistent subungual and periungual hematoma versus melanoma: to cut it or to leave it?”. Dermatol Ther. 29 (3): 150–1. doi:10.1111/dth.12293. PMID 26333508.
↑ Deinlein T, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I (November 2016). “Acral melanoma mimicking subungual hematoma”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 75 (5): e181–e183. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1222. PMID 27745646.
↑ Damsky WE, Bosenberg M (October 2017). “Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship”. Oncogene. 36 (42): 5771–5792. doi:10.1038/onc.2017.189. PMC 5930388. PMID 28604751.
↑ Rodrigues M (April 2017). “Skin Cancer Risk (Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers/Melanoma) in Vitiligo Patients”. Dermatol Clin. 35 (2): 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.det.2016.11.003. PMID 28317522.
↑ Ann M. Gillenwater, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Hanadi Fatani, Pierre Saintigny & Adel K. El-Naggar (2013). “Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!”. Advances in anatomic pathology. 20 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1. PMID 24113312. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. (2006). “Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder”. Eur J Intern Med. 17 (8): 529–35. Text “pmid 17142169” ignored (help)
↑ title=”By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons” href=”https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg“
↑ Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE (2000). “Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization”. JAMA. 284 (24): 3145–50. PMID 11135778.
↑ Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E (1996). “Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies”. Can J Public Health. 87 (6): 407–10. PMID 9009400.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid23697732-1] Dumitrache N, Neiderer K, Martin B, Dancho J (2013). “Angiokeratoma presenting as a melanoma: a case report”. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 103 (3): 241–2. PMID 23697732.

[pmid26881598-2] Pujani M, Hassan MJ, Jetley S (2015). “Atypical fibroxanthoma in a young female misdiagnosed clinically as a malignant melanoma–An unusual presentation”. J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1027. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.150353. PMID 26881598.

[pmid24256198-3] AlJasser MI, Martinka M, Kalia S (January 2014). “Dermatofibroma mimicking melanoma dermoscopically”. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 39 (1): 69–70. doi:10.1111/ced.12155. PMID 24256198.

[pmid9259954-4] Bahuau M, Vidaud D, Kujas M, Palangié A, Assouline B, Chaignaud-Lebreton M, Prieur M, Vidaud M, Harpey JP, Lafourcade J, Caille B (1997). “Familial aggregation of malignant melanoma/dysplastic naevi and tumours of the nervous system: an original syndrome of tumour proneness”. Ann. Genet. 40 (2): 78–91. PMID 9259954.

[pmid25500044-5] Uzzauto MT (January 2015). “Melanoma hidden in a hemangioma”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 72 (1 Suppl): S56–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.07.011. PMID 25500044.

[pmid27805257-6] Wakimoto H, Harada K, Arai T, Maeda T, Irisawa R, Tsuboi R (February 2017). “Reduced expression of the ATP2A2 gene in vemurafenib-induced keratoacanthoma-like papules in a melanoma patient”. Int. J. Dermatol. 56 (2): e33–e35. doi:10.1111/ijd.13430. PMID 27805257.

[pmid29489150-7] Charifa A, Chen C. PMID 29489150. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid28543586-8] Imafuku K, Hata H, Yanagi T, Kitamura S, Inamura-Takashima Y, Nishimura M, Kitamura S, Moriwaki S, Shimizu H (July 2017). “Multiple skin cancers in patients with mycosis fungoides after long-term ultraviolet phototherapy”. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 42 (5): 523–526. doi:10.1111/ced.13121. PMID 28543586.

[pmid14561964-9] Gu GM, Epstein JB, Morton TH (October 2003). “Intraoral melanoma: long-term follow-up and implication for dental clinicians. A case report and literature review”. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 96 (4): 404–13. doi:10.1016/S1079210403003202. PMID 14561964.

[pmid28705516-10] Kelati A, Baybay H, Moscarella E, Argenziano G, Gallouj S, Mernissi FZ (November 2017). “Dermoscopy of Pigmented Actinic Keratosis of the Face: A Study of 232 Cases”. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 108 (9): 844–851. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2017.05.002. PMID 28705516.

[pmid26448544-11] Campagnoli TR, Medina CA, Singh AD (2016). “CHOROIDAL MELANOMA INITIALLY TREATED AS HEMANGIOMA: DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS”. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 10 (2): 175–82. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000220. PMID 26448544.

[pmid28318130-12] Borgenvik TL, Karlsvik TM, Ray S, Fawzy M, James N (May 2017). “Blue nevus-like and blue nevus-associated melanoma: a comprehensive review of the literature”. ANZ J Surg. 87 (5): 345–349. doi:10.1111/ans.13946. PMID 28318130.

[pmid28576220-13] Hussain A, Sidiropoulos M, Das S, Munoz DG, Nijhawan N (June 2017). “Orbital cellular blue nevus complicated by malignant melanoma”. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 52 (3): e111–e113. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.11.025. PMID 28576220.

[pmid29085717-14] Ribeiro F, Leocadia E, Macarenco RS, Lapins J, Huet P, Akay BN, Steiner D (July 2017). “Reticulated acanthoma with sebaceous differentiation mimicking melanoma”. Dermatol Pract Concept. 7 (3): 35–37. doi:10.5826/dpc.0703a07. PMC 5661163. PMID 29085717.

[pmid28355453-15] Carrera C, Segura S, Aguilera P, Scalvenzi M, Longo C, Barreiro A, Broganelli P, Cavicchini S, Llambrich A, Zaballos P, Thomas L, Malvehy J, Puig S, Zalaudek I (June 2017). “Dermoscopic Clues for Diagnosing Melanomas That Resemble Seborrheic Keratosis”. JAMA Dermatol. 153 (6): 544–551. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0129. PMC 5540029. PMID 28355453.

[pmid28915278-16] Braun RP, Ludwig S, Marghoob AA (September 2017). “Differential Diagnosis of Seborrheic Keratosis: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features”. J Drugs Dermatol. 16 (9): 835–842. PMID 28915278.

[pmid24577111-17] Cohen DN, Lumbang WA, Boyd AS, Sosman JA, Zwerner JP (May 2014). “Spindle cell squamous carcinoma during BRAF inhibitor therapy for advanced melanoma: an aggressive secondary neoplasm of undetermined biologic potential”. JAMA Dermatol. 150 (5): 575–7. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7784. PMID 24577111.

[pmid28947295-18] Boespflug A, Debarbieux S, Depaepe L, Chouvet B, Maucort-Boulch D, Dalle S, Balme B, Thomas L (April 2018). “Association of subungual melanoma and subungual squamous cell carcinoma: A case series”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 78 (4): 760–768. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.038. PMID 28947295.

[pmid26333508-19] Tchernev G, Chokoeva AA, Wollina U, Lotti T (May 2016). “Persistent subungual and periungual hematoma versus melanoma: to cut it or to leave it?”. Dermatol Ther. 29 (3): 150–1. doi:10.1111/dth.12293. PMID 26333508.

[pmid27745646-20] Deinlein T, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I (November 2016). “Acral melanoma mimicking subungual hematoma”. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 75 (5): e181–e183. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1222. PMID 27745646.

[pmid28604751-21] Damsky WE, Bosenberg M (October 2017). “Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship”. Oncogene. 36 (42): 5771–5792. doi:10.1038/onc.2017.189. PMC 5930388. PMID 28604751.

[pmid28317522-22] Rodrigues M (April 2017). “Skin Cancer Risk (Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers/Melanoma) in Vitiligo Patients”. Dermatol Clin. 35 (2): 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.det.2016.11.003. PMID 28317522.

[23] Ann M. Gillenwater, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Hanadi Fatani, Pierre Saintigny & Adel K. El-Naggar (2013). “Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!”. Advances in anatomic pathology. 20 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1. PMID 24113312. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[PMID17142169-24] Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. (2006). “Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder”. Eur J Intern Med. 17 (8): 529–35. Text “pmid 17142169” ignored (help)

[25] title=”By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons” href=”https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg“

[pmid11135778-26] Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE (2000). “Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization”. JAMA. 284 (24): 3145–50. PMID 11135778.

[pmid9009400-27] Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E (1996). “Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies”. Can J Public Health. 87 (6): 407–10. PMID 9009400.

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Health Dictionary

Melanoma differential diagnosis

Introduction

Overview

Differential Diagnosis

References