Urethral cancer causes
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common causes of urethral cancer include human papillomavirus, history of bladder cancer, recurring urinary tract infections, smoking, and exposure to chemicals.
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shanshan Cen, M.D. [2]Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [3]
Synonyms and keywords: Malignant tumour of urethra, malignant urethral tumor, malignant urethral tumour, carcinoma of urethra, malignant epithelial neoplasm of urethra, primary malignant neoplasm of urethra, cancer of urethra
Diagnosis
Staging | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Causes
Urethral cancers appear to be associated with infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, a strain of HPV known to be causative for cervical cancer. Other significant causes of urethral cancer are: [1][2]
- Recurring urinary tract infections
- Chemical exposure
References
References
- ↑ Wiener JS, Liu ET, Walther PJ (1992). “Oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 is associated with squamous cell cancer of the male urethra”. Cancer Res. 52 (18): 5018–23. PMID 1325290.
- ↑ Wiener JS, Walther PJ (1994). “A high association of oncogenic human papillomaviruses with carcinomas of the female urethra: polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of multiple histological types”. J Urol. 151 (1): 49–53. PMID 8254831.
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