Exophthalmos differential diagnosis

(In alphabetical order)

• Arteriorvenous malformation
• Aspergillosis (invasive, orbital)
• Basedow syndrome (combination of hyperthyroidism, goitre, and exophthalmos )
• Carotid-cavernous fistula
• Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Cloverleaf skull syndrome
• Cole-Carpenter syndrome
• Corneal ulcer
• Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon syndrome)
• Dalrymple’s sign
• Dermoid cyst
• Endophthalmitis
• Erdheim-Chester disease
• Graves’ disease
• Hemangioma
• Histiocytosis X
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infiltrative ophthalmopathy (hyperthyroidism)
• Insulin receptor defect with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus
• Lowry-MacLean syndrome
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Meningioma
• Mucormycosis
• Nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
• Neu-Laxova syndrome
• Neuroblastoma
• Neurofibromatosis
• Optic glioma
• Orbital cellulitis
• Orbital emphysema: from fracture of a sinus or sneezing.
• Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: The term is used to describe any idiopathic inflammatory lesion that simulates a neoplasm within the orbit. It can be subdivided into different types: granulomatous, sclerosing, vasculitic and eosinophilic, depending upon the histological characteristics. There are strong similarities between OIP and the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome of painful ophthalmoplegia.
• Orbital mass or tumors
• Osteodysplasty (Melnick-Needles)
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Pseudoproptosis (buphthalmos, contralateral enophthalmos

ipsilateral lid retraction, axial myopia, contralateral blepharoptosis)

• Raine syndrome
• Relapsing polychondritis
• Retinoblastoma
• Schinzel-Giedion midface-retraction syndrome
• Sinusitis
• Sturge-Weber syndrome: a neurological disorder indicated at birth by seizures accompanied by a large port-wine stain birthmark on the forehead and upper eyelid of one side of the face.
• TAO (Thyroid associated orbitopathy)
• Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
• Trauma
• Von Recklinghausen’s disease (Neurofibromatosis)
• Varices, orbital
• Wegener granulomatosis

(By organ system)