Health Dictionary
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Exophthalmos differential diagnosis
Introduction
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Overview
Overview
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Exophthalmos:
(In alphabetical order)
- Arteriorvenous malformation
- Aspergillosis (invasive, orbital)
- Basedow syndrome (combination of hyperthyroidism, goitre, and exophthalmos )
- Carotid-cavernous fistula
- Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
- Churg-Strauss syndrome
- Cloverleaf skull syndrome
- Cole-Carpenter syndrome
- Corneal ulcer
- Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon syndrome)
- Dalrymple’s sign
- Dermoid cyst
- Endophthalmitis
- Erdheim-Chester disease
- Graves’ disease
- Hemangioma
- Histiocytosis X
- Hyperthyroidism
- Infiltrative ophthalmopathy (hyperthyroidism)
- Insulin receptor defect with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus
- Lowry-MacLean syndrome
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Meningioma
- Mucormycosis
- Nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
- Neu-Laxova syndrome
- Neuroblastoma
- Neurofibromatosis
- Optic glioma
- Orbital cellulitis
- Orbital emphysema: from fracture of a sinus or sneezing.
- Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: The term is used to describe any idiopathic inflammatory lesion that simulates a neoplasm within the orbit. It can be subdivided into different types: granulomatous, sclerosing, vasculitic and eosinophilic, depending upon the histological characteristics. There are strong similarities between OIP and the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome of painful ophthalmoplegia.
- Orbital mass or tumors
- Osteodysplasty (Melnick-Needles)
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Pseudoproptosis (buphthalmos, contralateral enophthalmos
ipsilateral lid retraction, axial myopia, contralateral blepharoptosis)
- Raine syndrome
- Relapsing polychondritis
- Retinoblastoma
- Schinzel-Giedion midface-retraction syndrome
- Sinusitis
- Sturge-Weber syndrome: a neurological disorder indicated at birth by seizures accompanied by a large port-wine stain birthmark on the forehead and upper eyelid of one side of the face.
- TAO (Thyroid associated orbitopathy)
- Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
- Trauma
- Von Recklinghausen’s disease (Neurofibromatosis)
- Varices, orbital
- Wegener granulomatosis
Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Exophthalmos:
(By organ system)
| Cardiovascular | carotid-cavernous fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Hemangioma, Varices, |
| Chemical / poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Sturge-Weber syndrome |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, Orbital mass, Sinusitis |
| Endocrine | Basedow syndrome, Graves’ disease, Hyperthyroidism |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | Cloverleaf skull syndrome, dermoid cyst, Lowry-MacLean syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome, Raine syndrome, Osteodysplasty (Melnick-Needles), Crouzon craniofacial dysostosis, Insulin receptor defect with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, Neu-Laxova syndrome, Schinzel-Giedion midface-retraction syndrome, Neuroblastoma Neurofibromatosis, Retinoblastoma, Von Recklinghausen’s disease |
| Hematologic | Lymphoma, Leukemia |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | orbital cellulitis, endophthalmitis, sinusitis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | Meningioma, Sturge-Weber syndrome |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | histiocytosis X, nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, hemangioma, meningioma, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis, optic glioma, retinoblastoma, Von Recklinghausen’s disease, Lymphoma, Leukemia |
| Ophthalmologic | orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, orbital mass, corneal ulcer, Pseudoproptosis, orbital Varices, orbital emphysema, |
| Overdose / Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis |
| Renal / Electrolyte | Wegener granulomatosis |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | graves’ disease, polyarteritis nodosa, wegener granulomatosis, churg-Strauss syndrome, Relapsing polychondritis, |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Orbital emphysema, Corneal ulcer |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Reference
Reference
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; John Fani Srour, M.D.